Compliance of Nurses with personal protective equipment

Compliance of Nurses with personalized defensive equipmentIntroductionThe identification of clients with infectious diseases by dint of the clinical and laboratory assessment is Possible, but not everlastingly be effective. Because the just about of infectious diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis and other, the Microorganisms needs to the incubation period before appearance the signs and symptoms of disease on the clients, however, the probability of transmission of transmission system are possible in these is period. Therefore, any longanimous should be regarded as a potential source of transmitting (Hinkin and Gammon, 2008). Use of personal protective equipment is precise important to prevent infectious pathogens transmitted from patient to nurse and the versa is true. Further much, correctly select and use of personal protective equipment is very effective to prevent transmission of infection, in addition to reduce the risks of image for infectious agents (Hon et al 2008). However, the wellness environment filled with hazards and pathogens because of that nurses should be use effective barrier equipment to break pig any probability to contamination by infectious agent (Hinkin and Gammon, 2008).The personal protective equipments in all contents aprons, gloves, gowns, eye protection (goggles, glasses), caps, laboratory coats, resuscitation bags and stage shields/mask all of this and other, are use frequently in general care settings as very important part of tired precaution (Clark et al 2002 Pratt et al 2007).The streamer precautions developed gradually from the universal precautions (Hinkin and Gammon, 2008), which began as prevention agent to prevent transmission of blood borne pathogens to health care workers (Wilson 2001). Standard precautions are evidence-based guidance designed to reduce incidence of healthcare associated infection and transmission of infections in healthcare environment (Pellow et al. 2004). withal all intervention and pre cautions must be employ by all healthcare workers to give up professional care and safety to all health worker and patients in health environment (Pratt et al. 2007).The Standard precautions it luff to prevent transmission of infection or at least reduce probability of transmission any infected pathogens to the lowest level between nurses and patients , as well to protect the patients and healthcare workers at the same time by use standardized precautions such as personal protective equipments (Cullen et al, 2006). Damani (2003) did clarify the standard infection precautions guideline, health worker education are playing effective role to minimize major problems in the UK such as the antibiotic resistant and health care associated infections.Furthermore, the personal protective equipments as the important part of standard precautions and playing very effective role to prevent incident of healthcare associated infections, it was set as one of the nearly common complications in the health care environment, recently which affects on approximately 10% of clients admitted to hospitals worldwide (Filetoth 2003), around 4-10% between hospitals in the developed countries (Nazarko 2008). Also the rate varies from 5-15% in the developing countries (Jarvis 2007). Globally, healthcare associated infections infect a patient every two minutes and the world loses one patient every two hours because of healthcare associated infections exacting to non- residence the healthcare workers with personal protective equipments use and anther standard precautions (Chief Medical Officers Report 2006).For instance, harbarth et al (2001) cleared the rate of make hygiene meekness among healthcare workers nearly 34%, and Golan et al (2006) cleared the compliance for hand hygiene before provide care nearly 10% and 36% after provide care. Therefore, some studies suggest that the use of MMS, images, videos and online education is very effective to education the health care workers an d increased level of compliance and application of personal protective equipments during practice (Pullen 2006), such as Hon et al (2008) reported the rate of hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers post provide course when wear the personal protective equipment nearly 87% and 68% when taking off the personal protective equipments.The main infectious occupational risks in the healthcare environment such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Also There are some nurses more risk to transmit or received infection for or from patient such as staff nurses in surgical or operations department, because of he or she have high chances to direct contact with blood of patient and make many of special(prenominal) procedures(Ganczak and Szych, 2007).Doebbeling et al (2003) did clarify the occupational blood exposure occurred frequently among the healthcare workers , as well as stated in his study one-fourth to one-third of the resp ondents had injured by percutaneous blood exposure in the previous three months. Specifically, more than one-third of care for had exposure more than one time to mucocutaneous blood in the previous three months. Also the exposure and injury rates to infection in health environment is vary differ check to the occupation, which depending on some(prenominal) factors such as the ordinary of time spent in provide care for patient or treated of specimens, use of standard precautions during provide care, frequency use of certain devices and more often than not never recapping needles.Gershon et al (1995) clarify the compliance rates among healthcare workers cerebrate for the eleven items of personal protective equipments, 97% compliance rate for gloves 95% for electric pig of sharps and alike the compliance rate is low for others items such as 62% for wearing protective outer clothing and 63% for wearing eye protection. Therefore, Gershon et al find strongly relationship between t he compliances of healthcare workers and several key factors such as perception of risk and training on use the standard precautions as the personal protective equipments.Research questions and aimsWhat is the level of compliance of nursing with person-to-person protective equipments use? The aim for this question is to evaluate the level of compliance with Personal protective equipments use among Jordanian nurses during provides care for patients. Also to observe the level of compliance for each tool of personal protective equipments.What are the evidentiary factors that lead to non-compliance with personal protection equipments use among Jordanian nurses during provides care? The aim for this question is to identify the significant factors that lead to non-compliance with personal protective equipments use during provides nursing care for patients.Almost all nursing interventions need to use personal protective equipment frequently during provide care for patients and especiall y when applying sterilizes nursing procedures for patients, Because of that this study aims to1-to identify mainly significant factors that led to non-compliance with personal protection equipment among Jordanian nurses during provides care.2- To evaluate the level of compliance with Personal protective equipments use among Jordanian nurses during provides care for patients.3- To prevail up the safety for patients and caregivers in hospital in the same time.4- To search the gaps between knowledge and practice relater to personal protective equipments among Jordanian nursing.5- To enhance apply the standard precautions guideline for personal protective equipments among nursing.6- To prevent transmission of infection between the nurses and patients, also to minimise incident some of major problem in healthcare environments such as health care associated infection and antibiotic resistant.7- To provide appropriate solutions and suggestions for these is factors.Rational of the method actingologyThis study was proposed to evaluate the level of compliance with Personal protective equipments use and identify the level of compliance for each tool among Jordanian nurses during provides care for patients. Also to explore the significant factors that leads to non-compliance with personal protection equipments use. However, for the in a higher place proposed research three-figure design shall be used. valued tecs do not look to confirm a dead reckoning, but looking forrad to reject the hypothesis through the analysis of entropy and therefore development of statements through clarify of causal relationships (Phillips and Burbules, 2000). Moreover quantitative researches often start with a hypothesis related to phenomena to be tested and after the data are collected and analyses, moderate this is hypothesis or refute by clarify the relationship between the variables (Holt 2009). Furthermore, quantitative research is often used as a method trying to display causal relationships under controlled or standardized condition (Casebeer and Verhoef, 1997).Quantitative research is described as the numerical representation and processing of observations and data for the purpose of describing and explain phenomena and facts that those observations reflect. On the other hand the qualitative research is defined as the non-numerical representation and analysis of observations and data for the purpose of determining underlying meanings and discovering the patterns of relationships (Babbie 1992). As a result the quantitative research is apply deductive approach (where data are especially collected for the purpose of hypotheses, analysis and testing ideas) rather than the qualitative research is apply inductive approach (develop the generalizations and ideas Through the data ) (Meadows 2003).Quantitative research is identified the science as objective fact or truth, different from quantitative research is identified the science depending on previous begin and thus subjectivity determined. Furthermore, quantitative research method is use numerical estimates and statistical analysis from a generalization sample related to a larger number of populations true (Casebeer and Verhoef, 1997). And thus the quantitative research involves essays and surveys, where statistics and data are collected by using standardized methods such as structured converses and questionnaires (Meadows 2003). On the other hand the qualitative research method is use narrative description and continual comparisons, are more often use to understand the particular sample or websites being studied (Casebeer and Verhoef, 1997).Quantitative research is an effective and necessary part of healthcare services researches the most guinea pig of this is the controlled randomized experiment research, with its importance on experimentation and large size of sample. However, quantitative researches cover a wide broader spectrum of activity, which can contain some of small-s cale descriptive studies, through to more specialization and complication studies by detect and explore the relationships between variables (Meadows 2003).Quantitative research used many of research designs for example experiments or surveys and correlational studies (Holt 2009). Also Robson (2002) classified the quantitative research to several types under the headings experimental design, quasi-experimental design and non-experimental design however these designs sometimes are similar in several respects such as patterns of free radical behaviour, properties and tendencies. But meadows in (2003) classified the quantitative research strategies to two designs experimental and non-experimental designs. Also the experimental designs are characterized by the introduction or management of some variable for example randomized control trials (RCT) (Lanoe 2007). But in the non experimental designs the data are get from living groups, for example (relational design) to consider at the rel ationship between a number of variables such as the scores on a pain or slack scale and age (descriptive design) to identify the frequency and type of problem in a specific group (analytical design) to determination why a specific group is affected although the another is not (Meadows 2003).The qualitative studies are more complicated for generalization than the quantitative studies and more controversial. Therefore, Researchers in quantitative research rarely amaze for generalizability issue. Also the goal of most qualitative studies is to present a rich of study, contextualized and considerate of human experience through the concentrated study of particular cases (Polit and Beck, 2010). tie in to my aim from this is study the quantitative design is more appropriate than qualitative design. However, the designs of quantitative research are serves the proposed aims for these is study. In addition this study when looking forward to identify the relationship between the nursing comp liance and personal protective equipments, identify frequency of non-compliance of nursing for the personal protective equipments and to determine which personal protective equipments more compliance and another are less(prenominal) compliance. And also after analyse the data will be able to identify the significant factors that lead to non-compliance with personal protective equipments use among the nursing.it was consider that the literature review could put in the picture the select of methodology and method for this study and also agree to the objectives and aims of this study in addition, this study looking forward to analysis of collected data from a largest size of sample from nurses through survey design. Thus quantitative design approach would be the most excellent approach to achieve my aims and objectives.Research methodologiesQualitative methodsThe most three data collection methods common in qualitative research are interview participant observation and focus group dis cussions.Firstly, participant observation method the data collection in this method when the researcher watching interactions and acts of participants in a natural situation. Also perhaps the researcher has a role or task in the observation turn up in addition for his observation role (Greenhalgh and Taylor, 1997). Thus involve on the researcher use some of data collection techniques for example observation, interviewing and self-analysis and reflection. In addition the participant observation is aim to create a completely and specifically description of social interaction in a natural situation (Astin and Long, 2009). Also the researcher has more control on the participants especially about credibility issue and more aware about the less tangible aspects for example apathy and good will. But the participant observation the researcher might have complexity to making observe if involved in the location and recording data especially if working in busy situation such as hospital, the researcher lost the accuracy of observation if the participants might see the researcher make spying or threat (Lanoe 2007). In addition the participant observation techniques put the researcher under some particular pressure and honorable challenges (Astin and Long, 2009).Secondly, interview method is defined as the interaction and effective conversation between the researcher and participant and usually is in the form face-to-face in a natural location such as participants home or workplace (Astin and Long, 2009). Moreover the interview can give the interviewee and researcher more flexibility to express opinions, views and make dissection. But the researchers need to have communication skills of interview Long time to collect data difficulty in recording, analysing and coding the discipline and the interviews non-confidential are not anonymous (Lanoe 2007).Quantitative methodsThe most common methods to collect data in quantitative researches is the survey, which approximately a lways uses questionnaires, structured interviews (face-to-face or telephone), or tests and scales (Meadows 2003).Firstly, structured interview method the researcher an interviewer poses his questions exactly the same question in the same way and order on the respondent and also gives the chance for the researcher to filling out the answers of questionnaire (Holt 2009). But the researcher will be exposed to the same problems that face in any interview such as need to have communication skills of interview, long time to collect data and analysis, in addition difficulty to find appropriate place and time of interview especially with nurses are working in hospital (Lanoe 2007).Secondly, it was consider that the literature review could put in the picture the select of method for this study. Also and according to the objectives and aims of this study, questionnaires method approach would be the best approach to achieve the objectives and aims of this study.Questionnaires are a most metho d of data collection in quantitative design, also characterized mostly as relatively inexpensive can be cover large numbers of sample by given to several participant at the same time allow the participant a degree of privacy and answered anonymously, Therefore the participants might be more truthful. However, some famous questionnaires dont require users to get a licence from the author for use (Holt 2009). Also the questionnaires method characterized by more easier to analyse and code of data and. In addition more effectively for time to respondents and researchers especially if the respondent as the nurses working in busy area (Lanoe 2007). Nieswiadomy (2008) summarized the importance of questionnaire method by ability to provide good surgical data on population, using relatively small size of samples. In addition the advantage of questionnaire researcher can obtained large amount of data, quickly and less cost.Although, the questionnaires method needs effort to preparation and perhaps time to test validity and reliability, also some persons do not like forms. Moreover, the most limit of questionnaire is the type of information obtained (Nieswiadomy 2008), because of some respondents might be answer casually do not bothering about their answers or trying to provide the correct answer, although the researcher cannot ask the respondent to clarification their answers (Lanoe 2007).Literature reviewThe purpose of the literature review is to explore and clarify the recently study, knowledge, standardise precautions guideline and theory on the compliance of nurses with personal protective equipments use, in other hand to clarify the significant factors that lead to non-compliance for it among nurses. Moreover it was considered that the literature review would inform the select of most appropriate research design and method for this study.The literature search for this study which will be using computerized databases by Athens log-in Medline, CINAHL, Ovid, SAGE, Cochrane Database and the Evidence-Based Medicine. In addition, specific online journals as in Science Direct journal, Medscape Nurses, Medpulse Journal, BioMed central articles, Journal of advanced nursing, BMJ Journals. Furthermore, have been limited set for each data base date double between1996-2010, related for nursing, full text articles and journals. To provide the recently studies, information and researchers on the compliances of nurses with personal protective equipments and to grow deeper in topic of this study more analytically and Informatics, in addition to devise the best methods used for the same of this study read and analyse some of the used questionnaires, and perhaps use one of their. supererogatory reviewing included the WHO, NHS, Jordanian Ministry of Health, and Jordanian Nursing and Midwife Council. A manual search also undertaken by examining the reference list at the end of the articles imbed and those that were relevant were followed through. So as to get at the latest statistics and numerical and ratio analysis to benefit of their in this study, accordingly, building of some comparative studies and explore some of the causal relations between the personal protective equipment tools and the compliances of nursing and in addition to clarify the significant factors that led to non-compliances with personal protective equipments and support that by statistically rates.Also and one of literature review strategy is critically read and analyse for text books references about nursing research, standard precaution, personal protective equipment and nursing guideline.The key words used were Nursing Personal protective equipment, Standard precaution, Nursing safety, Qualitative and quantitative research, qualitative research, quantitative research, Nursing compliance, guideline, Jordanian nursing, Knowledge, practice, attitudeAccording to the topic, formulated questions, objectives and aims of this study the literature review clarify the p icture about select of methodology and method for this study and also after the literature review has been seen on some of the questionnaires used in the same study and how collected and what the questions that used in the questionnaires. In addition, identify the most significant factors effect on the compliances of healthcare workers with personal protective equipments use.