American Revolution- Revolution or Civil War? Essay

There is a lot of debate and disagreement on whether the American Revolution was an actual revolution, but rather a civil war. A revolution implies that there was a total change in government and rule of a country, and a civil war is a war that occurs in a country between groups of people from the country. There may have been a vast amount of tension between the colonies and the British, but the occurrences during the American Revolution had little to do with the changing of the government. There were many things that the colonies were expected to do and pay for. These were called colonial grievances. The colonies were expected to pay a lot of money for tea, sugar and stamps. The money would go to the British. The area they were allowed to live and stay in was also very restricted as they were not allowed or able to move westwards. This is because the British wanted to control the colonies and this is easier to do if the people are restrained to a smaller area. The colonies also had no one voicing their opinions and needs in the British Parliament, so all the decisions concerning the colonies were made by the British. The soldiers had power over, and controlled the colonies. The colonies began to feel anger towards the British because of their lack of rights, freedom and say in the way they were governed. Resentment grew and these made the colonies more aware and open to the idea for fighting against the British. The colonies wanted to be able to govern and rule themselves. The tension in the colonies was not enough to cause a revolution, but rather a civil war. The Boston Tea Party was when the Americans dressed up as Mohawk Indians and threw all the English tea into the harbour. They dressed up as Indians to symbolise how they were more American than British, and as a disguise. The throwing of the tea into the sea symbolised how they were not willing to pay taxes and were not willing to be ruled and overpowered by the British. The Americans were fighting against the British because of the tension that the colonial grievances had caused. The tension would affect any group of people and therefore, it makes it a civil war rather than revolution. As the tension grew, the colonies got tired of trying to fight the government without any change occurring. The colonies the thought that by using armed conflict, they would be able to get their point across better. They used Lexington to secretly store weapons until they would have enough to stand against the British. The British found out about the storehouse at Lexington and began to march to Lexington so that they could end the gathering of weapons because the British didn’t want the Americans to rise up against them. The colonies were not aware of the British moving towards Lexington, so Paul Revere rode through the night on horseback to warn the colonies. The face-off between the colonies and the British increased the already intense tension, and made the Americans want to govern themselves even more than before. The Boston Massacre was a real depiction of how much tension had been building up amongst the colonies and the British. A guard was standing outside the Customs House and the colonies began throwing snowballs at him. The colonies then started throwing rocks at the guard, rather than snowballs. The British guard then called for backup and more British soldier’s arrived at the customs house. The guards then opened fire on the colonists and killed 5 people. After all the events had occurred, people from the colonies joined up and drafted the Declaration of Independence. This document stated how they wanted to be a free country and be able to govern themselves. The declaration of Independence states that all men are created equal, but all women were not given the right to vote, and neither could slaves. Only men who owned land had the right to vote. This shows that they war the Americas were governed did not totally change, hence it is not a revolution, but rather a civil war. So even though there is a lot of debate and disagreement on whether the American Revolution was a revolution or a civil war, there are many points that show that it is not a revolution, but a civil war.

Consult

Consult Patient Name: Adela Torres Hospital ID: 13246 Consultant: Sachi Kato, M. D. , Dermatology Requesting Physician: Leon Medina, M. D. , Internal Medicine Date of Consult: 06/23/2011 Reason for Consultation: Please evaluate stomatitis, possibly methotrexate related. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: The patient is a very pleasant 57-year old female, a native of Cuba, being seen for evaluation and treatment for sores in her mouth that she has had for the last 10-12 days. The patient has a long history of severe and debilitating rheumatoid arthritis for which she has had numerous treatments, but over the past ten years she has been treated with methotrexate quite successfully. Her dosage has varied somewhere between 20 and 25 mg per week. About the beginning of this year, her dosage was decreased from 25 mg to 20 mg, but because of a flare of the rheumatoid arthritis, it was increased to 22. 5 mg per week. She has had no problems with methotrexate as far as she knows. She also took an NSAID about a month ago that was recently discontinued because of the ulcerations in her mouth. About two weeks ago, just about the time the stomatitis began, she was placed on an antibiotic for suspected upper respiratory infection. She does not remember the name of the antibiotic, although she claims she remembers taking this type of medication in the past without any problems. She was on that medication, three pills a day, for three to four days. She notes no other problems with her skin. She remembers no allergic reactions to medication. She has no previous history of fever blisters. (Continued) CONSULT Patient Name: Hospital ID:13246 Page 2 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Reveals superficial erosions along the lips, particularly the lower lips, the posterior buccal mucosa, along the sides of the tongue, and also some superficial erosions along the upper and lower gingiva. Her posterior pharynx was difficult to visualize, but I saw no erosions on the areas today. There did however appear to be one small erosion on the soft palate. Examination of the rest of her skin revealed no areas of dermatitis or blistering. There were some macular hyperpigmentation on the right arm where she has had a previous burn, plus the deformities from her rheumatoid arthritis on her hands and feet, as well as scars on her knees from total joint replacement surgeries. IMPRESSION: Erosive stomatitis, probably secondary to methotrexate. Even though the medication has been used for ten years without any problems, methotrexate may produce an erosive stomatitis and enteritis after such a use. The patient also may have an enteritis that at this point may have become more quiescent, as she notes that she did have some diarrhea about the time her mouth problem developed. She has had no diarrhea today, however. She has noted no blood in her stools and has had no episodes of nausea or vomiting. I’m not as familiar with the NSAID causing an erosive stomatitis. I understand that it can cause gastrointestinal upset, but given the choice between the two, I would think the methotrexate is the most likely etiology for the stomatitis. RECOMMENDED THERAPY: I agree with your therapeutic regimen regarding this condition with the use of prednisone and folic acid. I also agree that the methotrexate must be discontinued in order to produce a resolution of this patients’ skin problem. However, in my experience, this stomatitis may take a number of weeks to go away completely if a patient has been on methotrexate, for an extended period of time, because the medication is stored within the liver and in fatty tissue. Topically I have prescribed Lidex gel, which I find works extremely well in stomatitis conditions. It can be applied t. i. d. (Continued) CONSULTATION Patient Name: Hospital ID:13246 Page 3 Thank you very much for allowing me to share in the care of this pleasant patient. I will follow her with you as needed. _________________________ Sachi Kato, M. D. SK:YM D:06/23/2011 T:06/23/2011

Emily the Criminal Mastermind Essay

In the story A Rose for Emily, Emily murders her lover  using poison. The readers are led on to think that she kills him  because she does not want him to leave her, which is what he intends  to do. Her relationship with Homer Barron, her lover, is a normal  relationship; nothing indicates that their relationship is in any kind  of trouble. Having examined her relationship and characters, Emily  can be seen as a master criminal. As opposite as they are of each other, they are attracted to one  another. Although the relationship between Emily and her father is  dysfunctional, her relationship between her and Homer is a healthy  one. Homer works with a construction company, and he is in the  leadership position in his workplace. He can be seen as a joker as he  makes everyone laugh wherever he goes. He is a popular person because  he makes himself well known to everyone in town. Wherever he goes,  little boys would follow him to hear him talk and tell jokes. She, on  the other hand, is always quiet. She doesn’t talk to anyone in town. There are gossips of her but she would never confront them; instead,  she just ignores them. As opposite as Emily’s personalities are to  that of Homer’s, they get along with each other. This shows that she  can be sociable. After all, she can get along with the most popular  guy in town.  She is very calm, cool and collective. After her father  dies, some people visit her to offer sympathy, yet she is â€Å"dressed as  usual with no trace of grief on her face.† Even though she has killed  Homer, when the people in the town visit her because she doesn’t pay  her property tax, she speaks to them as though there isn’t anything  wrong. When she goes to buy the poison to kill Homer, she speaks with  certainty that she wants to buy the poison. â€Å"I want arsenic,† she  says. This indicates that she has contemplated to kill Homer. When  the druggist insists that she tells him what she is going to use it  for, she silen ces him with her look. She knows what she is doing. She can be seen as controlling and manipulative by the  silence of the Negro, her house keeper. The Negro goes out to the  store every now and then to buy food from the market, he doesn’t talk  to anyone. Though the author does not indicate whether the Negro  knows about Homer’s dead corpse in the bedroom, it’s hard to imagine  that he doesn’t know about it. The neighbors complain of the smell,  which they do not know that it’s from a dead body. For the duration  that the body has been in the house, it’s impossible to imagine that  the Negro has no knowledge of it. Assuming that he knows, yet he  doesn’t talk to anyone about it shows that she has control over him. Ruling out that she’s suffering from insanity, one can  only conclude that she’s criminal mastermind. Even though her father  is abusive, she is able to have meaningful relationship. Her  relationship with Homer shows that she can be sociable. After her  father’s death, she shows no grief. While having Homer’s body in the  bedroom upstairs, she attends to her guests as though nothing is  wrong. At the same time, she is able to keep the butler from talking  to anyone about anything. Planning to kill Homer, she buys the poison  without any hesitation even though the druggist asks her many  questions. Using the control that she has over the person under her  and her environment, she gets away with murder.

Taxation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taxation - Assignment Example But at the same time you must keep in mind that starting out in self-employment poses many difficulties and you would have to work very hard with no guarantee of a regular income. But first of all you must assess for yourself if you are suitable for self-employment which requires total self commitment, ability to work long business hours which in turn requires physical and mental strength and, last but not the least, complete support from your family. Then you have to do market research to identify the opportunities available in your selected field. Since you are currently employed with a computer software company it is obvious you have the technical skills, but do you have the business skills to run your business. If you lack these skills you shall have to learn them fast from the information that I am about to provide you and from other sources. When you start out on your own in business you can do so as a sole trader, in partnership or by setting up a limited company. You have indicated that you wish to start your business as a sole trader, which means, you intend to set up your business on your own. Starting out as a sole trader is relatively easy and straightforward but if your business fails your liability is unlimited or in other words all your assets will be legally available and can be used to pay your creditors. If you intend to start your business from your home you are likely to be requiring Planning Permission. In case you are going to use one or two rooms in your home you would need to apply for a partial change of use from domestic to commercial purpose. In case you intend constructing a shed or additional room for your business you may require planning permission for which you shall have to contact your local authorities. Market research is very important before you set up your business in your chosen field but let me caution you that no amount of research will guarantee you success. However, your market

The Politics Community Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Politics Community - Assignment Example This interferes with the political structure of institutional development in the developing countries as these institutions still need support. Increased interdependence among countries has led to political interference among countries. For instance most of the developed countries’ political organization is determined by the donor countries. There is a tendency of the donor countries threatening to stop their donations if their beneficiaries support not their governance mechanism (Michaels, 2002). Foreign countries have also influenced the political operations of developing countries as they are required to adhere to certain requirements in order to maintain good relations with the former. For instance some countries have been required by the United States to send their troops to fight in countries grappling with political instability. This case has happened between Uganda and Somali whereby the Ugandan troops had to interfere with the political structure of Somalia. Countries have also interfered with each other’s politics due to resources endowment. For instance the action of the United States on the countries in the Middle East was greatly influenced by its interest in oil according to Michaels (2002). The United States has tried to legitimize its actions as well as redefine the doctrine of the Middle East countries.

Why followers suport toxic leaders qualitative case study perspective Essay

Why followers suport toxic leaders qualitative case study perspective - Essay Example can this paradoxical scenario, which is has been evident in virtually every society, from the earliest records of history to the present day, be explained (Lipman-Blumen, 2005)? Susceptible followers have followed, preferred or favored, and sometimes helped create an enabling environment for toxic leadership to thrive. Followers have permitted and supported toxic leadership behavior to the point where it seems to be acceptable in both political and business organizations (Reed, 2004). The central question for investigation in this project is what are the reasons followers accept, favor, and help sustain toxic leadership? Researchers recognize that leadership effectiveness is dependent on the role of followers within the organization (McClure, 2009). However, the lack of research work on the role of followers within a company led by a toxic leader presents a significant gap in the literature which the present study aims to address. McClure (2009) acknowledges this concern about the current lack of published research or investigation into the role of followers of toxic leaders. Mccoby (2004), Challeff (1995), and Chai (2010) emphasize that researchers’ failure to investigate the role of followers and identify the motivation for follower actions are among the reasons why failures in leadership and the rise of toxic leadership still persist today. This research will undertake a qualitative methodology using content analysis to gather information as to why followers support toxic leaders. This study will fill the gap in published research on the role of followers in making organizations more effective. It will also help determine why followers support their leader, good or bad. According to Kellerman, (2008) and Lipman-Blumen, (2005), safety, security, group membership, and the unpredictable nature of the world are some of the human conditions that make followers susceptible to toxic leaders. Various followers benefit from toxic leadership behavior and

Answer these two question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer these two question - Assignment Example When contrasted with expenses such as business space rent, operating an online shop can be more affordable. This assists small business vendors having no sufficient capital to rent prime space or hire employees to set up as well as operate business (Akhter,2009). Reach: having an online store enables one to do business worldwide provided s/he can communicate via email, as opposed to traditional commerce where one only deals with people who come to the physical store. This also facilitates other ways of marketing that can only be done online, which increases sales and customers (Akhter,2009). Return rates: In a conventional shop, the client purchases goods in person, in the process getting the opportunity to check the items, touch and try them effectively reducing the complaints and returned items. On the other hand, online shopping is characterized by high returns, because many clients order and try goods at home, they will return them if they do not meet their expectations (Akhter,2009). Over the years, the phrase â€Å"electronic commerce† has been changing. Initially,† electronic commerce† referred to the electronic facilitation of commercial transactions by use of technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) that was introduced in 1970s.The EDI facilitated electronic sending of commercial documents such as invoices and purchase orders. The second major development involved the activities more accurately referred to as â€Å"Web commerce†-which is the buying of services and goods over the World Wide Web through secure servers such as HTTPS which is a unique server protocol capable of encrypting confidential ordering data to protect customers (Akhter,2009). Whereas the Internet, in 1994, started to progress in popularity amongst the general public, it took around 4 years to come up with security protocols such as DSL and HTTP which facilitated quick access in

Leadership Development Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Leadership Development - Dissertation Example Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1. Purpose of the study "Leadership development needs organization managers," Whilst in the past, as our research shows, most observers and experts had tended to view Leadership, and leadership development, as an independent area of consideration within the corporate structure, over the past two decades it has been increasingly seen to be an integral part of the total organization management system itself. Consequently, research often links the two areas together. There are an abundance of studies and research documents confirming this fact. These include that of Zaleznick (1977), who defined the leader as the person who brings about change, with the manager being the controller of those changes. Kotter (1990, p. 103) projected the view that "management is about coping with complexity. Leadership, by contrast is about coping with change". The purpose of this report is to examine the validity of the hypothesis. 1.2. Specific Objective This central objective of this report is to examine the opening hypothesis in order to arrive at a conclusion as to its validity and importance. 1.3. Delimitations For the purpose of this report, we have limited our study to the subject as it relates to a commercial organization, in preference to organizations in the public or charitable sector, although in reality the same principles would form the basis for measuring the successful future growth pattern for all of these structures. 1.4. Significance Our study covers the current thinking and research in respect of the leadership developments and its application in the corporate environment, including an analysis its importance and relevance. At the same time, we have reviewed and studied the research available regarding the... The literature will reveal how changes have occurred between these three elements, with the initial concept of management, which has been around since the early part of last century, is seen as the driving force behind the business. Later management was to lose its significance, giving way to the relatively new concept of leadership, with this taking a prominence in the thoughts of corporations and researchers alike. We will see how the views of business analysts and researchers for a period separated leadership and leadership development from management and conducted studies of these in these areas as almost diverse entities, emphasizing the differences between the two. For example, the School of Engineering and Electronics at the University of Edinburgh (1997), in their study on the subject, concluded that – â€Å"Managing and leading are two different ways of organizing people. The manager uses a formal, rational method whilst the leader uses passion and stirs emotions.† Dr. Paul Harborne (2001) and Stormy Friday (2002) within their respective papers also emphasized differences that exist between these conceptions, stressing the importance that this represented in business terms. However, more research has moved away from these theories, suggesting now that in fact, there is an interrelationship between the leadership and management, and that a competitive and successful business is best achieved in an environment where leadership development and the organization's managers work in partnership.

Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Terrorism - Research Paper Example He enrolled at North Carolina A& T University and graduated in 1986 (US Department of Defense, 2006). Mohammed was charged in America for his attempt to blow up planes across the Pacific. However, Mohammed got away from the FBI and later joined Al Qaeda. Mohammed was captured in Pakistan, in 2003, and held in various secret locations. In 2006, together with other â€Å"high value† captives, they were moved to Guantanamo bay in Cuba. Mohammed’s alleged offenses included destruction of property, conspiracy, attacking civilians causing bodily harm intentionally and murder in violation of the law, hijacking a vessel and aircraft, and lastly providing material support for terrorism. In the Bush Administration era, the case provided motivation for pursuing Mohammed as a commitment to the War on Terror. In Obama’s 2008 election pledge, there were promises to close Guantanamo Bay. However, this has been difficult due to security fears and opposition from his opponents. E vidence against Mohammed mainly stems from information stored in computer drives. The computer drives allegedly held incriminating evidence about detailed plans on how to hijack and attack planes. Additionally, they obtained photographs of the nineteen conspirators of the 9/11 attacks, letters from Osama bin Laden and other documents pointing to his direct role in organizing the attacks. In a Combatant Status Review, he confessed of his involvement. Military commissions were stopped temporarily so that detainees could be prosecuted in federal courts (Elsea, 2009). Military commissions would still be allowed to deal with various terrorism cases; nevertheless, the administration favored federal criminal courts. The procedure governing criminal cases is defined in Title 18 of the U.S code. Judgment under federal courts follows clearly laid down guidelines. Federal courts are independent of the other arms of government; military tribunal can be influenced by executive orders. Their deci sions are less influenced by politics; President Obama instituted a board to oversee terrorism cases while suspects were held indefinitely (Lizner, 2009). The review of these cases occurs outside the court with no self-regulating evaluation. Pros of Utilizing Military Tribunal Military commissions do not have to give Miranda warnings; for federal courts, Miranda rights should be mentioned for the admissibility of confessions. Normally, military tribunals and federal court have open proceedings. However, the military tribunals have more closed proceedings than federal courts. Equally, military tribunals can forbid the transmission of sensitive information especially with issues to do with national security. Military tribunals have the authorization to establish their own jurisdiction for offenses punishable under the Military Commissions Act MCA or the law of war for alien, enemy combatants (Elsea, 2009). Pros of Using Federal Courts in Trying Terrorism Suspects Federal courts use lo ng established rules, as opposed to military commissions. This avoids litigation risks and promotes cooperation among suspects. In addition, the scope covered by federal courts is much wider than under Military Tribunals; in case of American citizens, the possibility of trial in Military Tribunals diminishes. Similarly, lone wolf terrorists can be tried in federal

Would implementing groupware in our organization be more trouble than Essay

Would implementing groupware in our organization be more trouble than it would be worth - Essay Example Today’s work environments are nothing but groups of individuals working together to put together intelligent and complex systems and increased flexibility is one concern they all face in terms of communication of team goals, progress and even support on projects. Enterprise-wide softwares are becoming popular to enable the smooth working between the different groups within the organization, even the branches spread across the globe. Without these intelligent softwares, the work becomes time-consuming, complex and inefficient in relatively bigger projects. Even a small enterprise usually has different groups working on various projects and need to communicate for efficient teamwork. Then there are the different departments that need to share information and monitor the processes of the organization. As Coleman (1993, pp 31) notes House’s observations, â€Å"new enterprises use information technology as a strategic advantage and further exploit faster, better, less expensive access to critical information. And Groupware solutions based upon advanced communications and computing technologies are emerging to make this possible†. Groupware is nothing but a collaborative software used by the teams to â€Å"work on the same application or system† (Tech-FAQ, 2009). Groupware systems are â€Å"classified according to time-space matrix or the 3C model† (Borghoff, Schlichtzer, 2000, pp118). However, the use of this high-end technology depends on the comfort level of the user to efficiently utilize it to the full pote ntial. Given the exposure to various kinds of enterprise-wide softwares for almost every kind of work in the field of information technology, there is little doubt that the employees of a team would find communication using these groupwares difficult. On the contrary, using groupware in organization enables uniformity in process and workflow, improves access to information, speeds-up the business processes, enables uniformity in

Weaknesses and Strengths of Nepolean as a Military Leader Research Paper

Weaknesses and Strengths of Nepolean as a Military Leader - Research Paper Example In this paper, we have made an effort to converge his strengths and weaknesses as a leader of his army and a warrior of repute. While skimming through his speeches, it is clearly revealed that he never tried to find a middle ground as a General and instructed his forces to act suitably even amidst serious crisis. Thus, dominance and bravery are two of the most important features of the force and power which made him a military leader. These characteristics also helped him to rise to fame in most of his military expeditions. The other quality that engraved his name in history and the reason for which he is being idolized often is his incessant ability to work for infinite hours and his rigid will to succeed. These features worked wonders and allowed him to inspire his army while laying siege in foreign nations. In one of his proclamations to the soldiers during the invasion in Italy, he said that the greatest qualities of a soldier are faithfulness and discipline and then comes bravery. The use of such words augments his traits as a warrior and the above-mentioned words as expressed by Napoleon unravel his br avery and daring attitude in full force as he said: â€Å"Soldiers : Behold your colors! These eagles will always be your rallying point†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Swear to sacrifice your lives to defend them, and by your courage to keep them constantly in the path of victory. Swear!†(Napoleon’s Addresses – 1804) As a matter of fact, he displayed his capacity to work for three to four days in a stretch without sleeping or resting. The violent and brutal approach adopted by him was undoubtedly the most appropriate qualities required for envisaging success. Therefore, Napoleon’s envision was victory and he devoted himself fully towards his job as a leader of the army that also enthralled his forces to execute their duties with equal devotion and sincerity. Besides this, his power of organization was marvelous, which can be deciphered from his work and

Business Travel Booking Market Trends & Forecast Essay Example for Free

Business Travel Booking Market Trends Forecast Essay

The client server architecture

The client server architecture Abstract In this assignment we talk about the client server architecture and its model and about its advantage and compare them with each other. Also provide some solution and comments about Hures Company. Introduction:- We are now in modern age of technology. Like old time we do not need to do our daily things with pen and paper now. Modern technology gives us the power to saves the time and work become more easy without any hassle .Now multinational companies using computer for their all task. So its become more essential for everybody for their daily needs and work. Everybody now depending on computer so its really important to build up relation between computers to computers and then we also need a server means powerful computer with high requirement .Server serve Client means the user .If server cannot control the client request then its become more complicated for every single users for that regain system can be crash .and technology update time by time so the system needs to be updated. If any company crate a system that can serve 100 employee but they have like 300 employee its not possible to cover everyone needs also its become pain for everyone to work with that system. So we need better s ystem design means Better client server architecture. With the right level of attention to client/ server systems and application design. But poor design can ruin this utopian vision; making upgrades every bit as painful, time-consuming, and costly as installing a new mainframe. Colin White writes that the benefit of client/server computing is the availability of Hardware servers that scale from a small uni-processor machine to a massively parallel Machine containing hundreds, possibly thousands of processors. Corporations can now match the computing power of the server to the job at hand. If a server runs out of capacity, the old server can simply be replaced by a larger one. This change can be made without affecting existing client workstation users or the tools they employ. This provides not only scalability, but also flexibility in handling hardware growth as compared with central mainframes where an upgrade is a major undertaking that is both costly and time consuming. (Colin White, Supporting High-Performance DSS Applications, InfoDB 8(2) (1994), 27. ) Client-server architecture A web page (HTML page) that contains the same information for all users. Although it may be periodically updated from time to time, it does not change with each user retrieval. A program / script file executed on the web server in response to a user request. A CGI script is usually executed to process the data sent when a form filled in by a user is sent back to the web server. Server side scripting means that all of the code is executed on the server before the data is passed to the users browser. In the case of PHP this means that no PHP code ever reaches the user, it is instead executed and only the information it outputs is sent to the web browser PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.PHP pages typically have .phtml,php or .php3 file name extensions. An open source technology. ASP: Active Server Pages .A Microsoft technology. Extension .asp. JSP: Java Server Pages .jsp pages contain Java code. SSI: Server Side Includes. Involves the embedding of small code snippets inside the HTML page. An SSI page typically has .shtml as its file extension. With this technology now its become really easy to create large website and maintain it easily. Introduction to 2-Tier Architecture Two-tier client/server architectures have 2 essential components A Client PC and A Database Server Tier Considerations: Client program accesses database directly. Requires to code change to port to a different database. Potential bottleneck for data requests .High volume of traffic due to data shipping. Client program executes application logic. Limited by processing capability of client workstation (memory, CPU) .Requires application code to be distributed to each client workstation. (Less than 50 users). Introduction to 3-Tier Architecture 3-Tier client-server architectures have 3 essential components: A Client PC An Application Server A Database Server 3-Tier Architecture Considerations: Client program contains presentation logic only Less resources needed for client workstation No client modification if database location changes Less code to distribute to client workstations One server handles many client requests More resources available for server program Reduces data traffic on the network Comparing both types of architecture Tier 2 architecture is therefore a client-server architecture where the server is versatile means it is capable of directly responding to all of the clients resource requests. In tier 3 architecture however, the server-level applications are remote from one another, i.e. each server is specialized with a certain task eg:- web server/database server. Tier 3 architecture provides: Flexibility. Increased security at each level. Increased performance. Benefits of the Client/Server Model Cost savings. Scalability. Manage workflow. Provide multi-tier service Instrumentality Disadvantages of the client/server model Client/Server architecture also has the following drawbacks: increased cost: due to the technical complexity of the server a weak link: the server is the only weak link in the client/server network, given that the entire network is built around it! Fortunately, the server is highly fault tolerant (primarily thanks to the RAID system) (http://en.kioskea.net/contents/cs/csintro.php3) Problem Faced by Hures Company and its solution:- According to the problems faced by Hures, its Primarily, its not that system they made for future use .it did not have that capability to the handle the future demands or needs of the company. the developer of the system did not focused on the future strength of the system or the adjustment of the system, different changes on both external and internal environment which change the over flow of information in the company. In order to come up with the current problem of Hures system, Client-Queue-Client can be applied as alternative architecture. This uses a passive queue which allows the client instances to communicate directly with each other, which will refine their request from the services. This is helpful for Hures because it can help to support and prevent any problems that are related with the server (Exforsys Inc n.d.).. Client queue is used in order to take track of the number of client connections. Therefore, the server can trace which resources the client has obtained, and the server can release the resources after the client connection breaks down (Chan Leong 2003). Intranet is a network that is built by using the same tools and protocols that are used by the global Internet but applied instead to the internal network of an organization. It can be describe like a closed-circuit television system, which can be viewed only by those people within the organization that owns the system (Lowe 2009). Intranet site is a web site that is viewable only to those within the network of an organization. Even though based on the same protocols as the World Wide Web, an intranet is protected from the outside world either by not being connected to the outside or through a series of hardware and software obstacles known as a firewalll (Matthews Matthews 2003, p. 64). The development of an intranet web site using secure log cons to access the information is not a new idea. Many corporate locations use a secure internal site for vital information to be used by employees of the corporation and management only. The design of such a site could be simple using HTML, Java and CSS and may provide a variety of links to various databases stored within the network server(s). Security features can be enhanced by requiring the changing of passwords on individual users every thirty (30) days. Obviously, one counter position of establishing an internal web site would be that of cost and implementation. Depending upon the OS of the server, it would be necessary to create the web site and establish users with passwords to access the site. This would take some time to develop and the amount of individuals accessing the site would have to be considered in the overall budget required for implementation. Threats to the security of any open network system will always exist. Proper network monitoring on a continuous level severely reduces the risk of infiltration from outside sources. Network security should be the most important aspect of any company/corporation within the network structure. Reducing allowable events such as user abilities to plug in devices to their individual workstations, remote monitoring using camera feeds in various places within the office. Again, the cost of this will be substantial however, to maintain the integrity of the network should be of the highest priority and can reduce the severity of lost revenue. Disadvantages in intranet that its really expensive to maintain and setup. Need high qualified people or team to maintain its resources. Peer-to-peer and client-server architecture have different advantages and pros. It enables to take advantage of the wireless and Internet technology, at the same time, take advantage of the privacy and security which can be offered by client/server system. Intranet and internet both are famous worldwide so i will develop daily basis and needs to upgrade time wise. References: Books:- Colin White, Supporting High-Performance DSS Applications, InfoDB 8(2) (1994), 27. Chan, A T S Leong, H V 2003, Cooperative Internet Computing, S:pringer. Lowe, D 2009, Networking for Dummies, For Dummies. Matthews, M, Matthews, C B Poulsen, E 2003, Microsoft Office FrontPage 2003: The Complete Reference, McGraw-Hill Professional. Website:- http://members.tripod.com/ChannuKambalyal/NTierArchitecture.pdf http://www.webdevelopersnotes.com/basics/client_server_architecture.php3 Exforsy:-Peer-to-Peer and Client-Queue-Client Architecture, http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/client-server/peer-to-peer-and-client-queue-client-architecture.html [Accessed 17 February 2010]

UK Migrant Workers: History and Policies

UK Migrant Workers: History and Policies Introduction There has been a large increase in the number of migrant workers in the UK in recent years (McKay, Craw Chopra, 2006). These increases have been spurred on by globalisation, the gaps opening in the UK labour market and legislative changes that provide many and varied methods for coming to the UK. While many migrant workers move into highly skilled jobs, there are also a significant number who carry out low-paid, low-skilled jobs in the UK. The pay and conditions in these jobs has become the focus of much interest, especially in the wake of the shocking deaths of 23 migrant workers harvesting cockles at Morecambe Bay. This essay, therefore, critically examines the history of migration and current policies, the ways in which migrant workers have been exploited, health and safety risks they face and legal protections that have been put in place. History of migration and migration policies The history of migration into and out of the UK is well established (Sriskandarajah Drew, 2006). In the past the result of this movement has been that people have generally left the country: usually heading for Australia, New Zealand Canada. Then, more recently, people increasingly moved out of the UK to Spain and France. It wasnt until the 1980s that the UK became a country which had a net influx of migrants (Sriskandarajah, Cooley Kornblatt, 2007). Net immigration reached its highpoint in the UK in 2004 at 222,600; a year later it fell back by around 40,000. There were a number of actors that caused this change. Dobson et al. (2001) explain that one reason for this change to net immigration was that the highly skilled could command better wages and obtain an improved lifestyle in the UK. In addition there was also a large increase in the number of asylum applications at this time (Home Office 2006). Further, with the addition of new member states to the EU, there was increasing m igration with 605,375 people successfully registering to work in the UK from these new member states (Home Office, 2007). Despite the net immigration to the UK, many do not intend to stay permanently. Spencer, Ruhs, Anderson and Rogaly (2007) found that only one-quarter of those immigrating from East and Central Europe intended to stay permanently. Others again, can be considered irregular migrants. These are people who have come to the UK without the correct authority. Pinkerton, McLaughlan and Salt (2004) estimate there could have been as many as 430,000 illegal immigrants in the UK in 2001. This number has been questioned, however, by Dorling (2007) who suggests this figure might incorrectly include US military personnel stationed here, and others, thereby artificially inflating the numbers. Whatever the true level of migrants in the UK, both legal and illegal, there have been clear changes in immigration policies over the last few decades. Laws regarding migration into the UK have also changed rapidly and a large variety of different ways of entering the UK have been developed (Dench, Hurstfield, Hill Akroyd, 2006). A recent Home Office report finds that there about 50 different methods for people migrating to the UK for both work and study (Home Office, 2005). Five schemes are identified as particularly important by Dench et al. (2006). The first of these is the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme (SAWS). This was introduced to allow workers living outside the European Economic Area (EEA) to work in the UK carrying out seasonal work in the agricultural industry. Under this scheme 16,250 people each year who are over the age of 18 and in full-time education are allowed to enter the UK for a period of six months to carry out mainly unskilled work. This includes picking and packing of crops and the handling of livestock. The regulations allow that workers may move employers in that period to take into account the variability in the harvest. Workers are supposed to be paid the minimum wage and provide accommodation, for which they are allowed to charge  £27 a week. A second scheme is the Worker Registration Scheme (WRS) which applies to people from the eight Accession States (those that have just joined the EU). In order to prevent mass immigration and the immediate claiming of benefits, workers moving to the UK are required to register, and only once they have worked without a break for 12 months are they entitled to full benefits and other rights. A third scheme is the Sectors Based Scheme (SBS) which is designed to allow workers to enter the UK to do a casual or short-term job. This only applies to two particular sectors: food manufacturing and hospitality although it has since been withdrawn from hospitality because of abuse (Home Office, 2005). A third scheme is the Highly Skilled Migrant Programme (HSMP) which is designed to allow highly skilled workers to enter the UK. The Home Office (2005) report states that many migrants entering the UK under this scheme are doctors or are working in the area of health. A fifth category, and the large st method of entry, is through business and commercial work permits. Broadly, this allows companies to recruit from outside the UK if they are unable to fill a position with a UK national, or it allows them to move individuals between countries within the same company. Motives for migration At the highest level of analysis one of the main reasons for immigration is globalisation. Globalisation refers to a number of forces which includes the increased connections between knowledge centres, easier access to communications, easier and cheaper travel and an increased flow of labour (Somerville, 2007). Generally, then, there is much greater integration across large economic areas such as Europe. It has been argued that one of the defining signs of globalisation is immigration (Castles Miller, 2003). Somerville (2007) argues, therefore, that one of the major factors at the heart of globalisation and so migration is economics. As economic pressures change in the UK, so do the types of jobs for which immigration occurs. Salt and Millar (2006) show that in 2005 the industry in which most work permits were issued was health and medical services (26.1%). This was followed by computer services and management and business administration (18.1% and 11.8% respectively). Migrants are, therefore, clearly responding to the particular needs that the UK economy presents to them more readily than those already in the UK. This effect has been amplified by the fact that the UK has seen a period of uninterrupted growth of the economy from the mid-1990s until recent years. Thus there are considerable macroeconomic effects affecting the increased levels of migration into the UK. These types of findings are also reflected in equivalent microeconomic phenomena. Blauw (2002) has examined the reasons why employers have a tendency to use migrant workers. Blauw (2002) found that while employers tended to look first in the UK labour market, if they couldnt fill the positions they had available they began their search amongst migrant workers. Research carried out in Northern Ireland by Bell, Jarman and Lefebvre (2004) found that migrants were required in particular to fill both skilled and unskilled gaps in the labour market. It has also been found that migrant workers are often seen by employers as being ‘better workers. Reed (2005), for example, investigated migrant workers in the food manufacturing industry. It was found that the use of migrant workers had decreased the amount of sickness leave as well as the turnover of employees. Many of these findings were backed up by research into employers of migrant workers by Dench et al. (2006). They also found that in the agricultural industry domestic workers simply did not apply for the jobs that required filling, while in the hotels and catering industry domestic workers were not prepared to work the flexible hours that were required for the job. Dench et al. (2006) points out that it is natural to assume that perhaps employers were not trying very hard to fill their jobs with domestic workers, given that migrant workers frequently provide cheaper labour. This idea, though, was strongly denied by employers who claimed that they had made extensive efforts to recruit domestic workers, but without success. Some employers in the agricultural sector reported that when they tried to recruit from the Jobcentre, potential employees would come for an interview just so that they could prove they had been for an interview, so that could claim benefits. Other employers in the same sector explained that domestic workers would often quit after only a few days work. On the other hand migrant workers often worked hard and stayed in the job. Some similar results were seen in the hotels and catering sector. The approach to their work that domestic workers showed was very low compared to the dedication that migrant workers displayed. The amount of skill required for the job was also an important factor for employers (Dench et al., 2006). A good example was in the construction industry where employers especially valued Polish workers who were highly motivated and could fill the gap in skills that were seen in the industry. A similar picture in relation to skills was also seen in other industries. In the Finance and Accountancy sector employers complained that they couldnt get workers with the right qualifications. As a result they had agencies who would search globally for the right candidates. Overall, though, employers understood that the reason that they recruited migrants was that the same amount of money meant more to them than it did to domestic workers. Of course not all employers accepted migrant labour, some said they were unsure exactly what standards foreign workers were trained up to, and others thought that their lack of fluency in English was a problem (Dench et al., 2006). Despite this, many employers saw considerable advantages in employing migrant workers. Migrant workers were much more reliable and likely to show up for work than domestic workers some employers even had to remind workers to take their annual holiday. Employers also saw much lower levels of turnover with migrant workers. This was probably influenced by the fact that those registered on the WRS have to reregister if they move their employer. Further, employers reported that migrant workers were much more hard-working than domestic workers. This meant they were often prepared to work longer hours and were enthusiastic about doing overtime. Although not mentioned by many employers it was also clearly a factor that migrant workers were more likely to be satis fied working for the minimum wage than domestic workers. Similar findings for why migrant workers are employed are also revealed by McKay et al. (2006). There are also considerable incentives from the migrant workers perspectives to come to the UK for work. Unsurprisingly one of the main motivations is the availability of work and the lack of work in their country of origin. Research conducted by Norfolk County Council and YMCA Norfolk (2005) found migrant workers were primarily motivated by the relatively high rates of pay in the UK compared to their country of origin. Many were particularly interested in learning English, especially those who were from countries that had recently joined the EU. Exploitation of migrant workers The motives for migration in terms of globalisation and its specific effects on the labour market clearly set up a situation in which exploitation is a possibility. A recent Trades Union Congress (2007a) report looked at whether migration hurts migrants. They conclude that despite the advantages for employers and the immediate advantages perceived by some migrant workers, there are also significant problems faced both at the macro- and microlevels. The World Bank (2005), for example, has examined the effects on worldwide economics of the international flow of labour. This finds that migrant workers themselves are certainly better off working outside their own country, however, migrants who stay in the same country actually do worse over the long-term. Looking more specifically at the situation in the UK, though, reveals a much more mixed picture about the question of migrant workers. A variety of studies have attempted to look at the actual working conditions of migrant workers. A report from the Health and Safety Executive has looked closely at the types of risks to which migrant workers are exposed in the workplace (McKay et al., 2006). These authors point out that some previous evidence suggests that migrant workers face significant levels of exploitation in the workplace. Lawrence (2004), for example, has pointed to how the food industry has used migrant workers in order to drive down costs and increase productivity. There have also been a series of high profile cases in which migrant workers have been injured at work. In the worst of these at Morecambe Bay in 2004, 23 Chinese workers lost their lives while picking cockles when they were caught in rising tides. Evidence from the Citizens Advice Bureau (2004), though, suggests the abuses of migrant workers are more systematic. They provide evidence from a number of different sectors about the conditions under which migrant workers are employed. In the care home sector it has been found that many well-qualified workers from other countries, such as nurses, have been promised work of a similar level in the UK but end up in positions that are significantly below their level, such as carrying out cleaning or other menial tasks. Employers will also frequently hold onto the migrant workers passport so as to be able to intimidate them. As a result of this sort of intimidation, many migrant workers report finding it difficult to make any kind of complaint against their employer as they are reliant on the money earned to send back home to their families. Consequently there is unlikely to be any change in the migrant workers position. Within the cleaning sector, the Citizens Advice Bureau (2004) report that there are a number of ways that migrant workers have been exploited. They report on migrant workers who have been recruited to clean motorway service stations for  £600 a month, of which  £200 is deducted for living costs of a shared room in a house. These workers did not receive a contract of employment, a National Insurance number or a payslip. The Citizens Advice Bureau (2004) also report on the recruitment of foreign nationals at universities in the UK who are given cleaning jobs after being told they will be paid in arrears then they are simply not paid at all. Within the hospitality sector more abuses have been seen. Again, the Citizens Advice Bureau (2004) report that workers are hired for cleaning or working in restaurants but are not given National Insurance numbers, or contracts, and are paid below the National Minimum Wage. In the agricultural industry, the Citizens Advice Bureau (2004) report that migrant workers negotiate with ‘gangmasters who present themselves as employment agencies. Workers frequently face very poor accommodation as part of the agreement for which they pay relatively high rates from their wages considering the accommodation provided. The Citizens Advice Bureau (2004) have received complaints on a number of common themes. These include very low rates of pay, no provision of payslips, non-payment of National Insurance contributions, very poor accommodation that is often overcrowded and the risk of dismissal from the job without going through the proper procedures. The findings of the Citizens Advice Bureau (2004) were also echoed by Dench et al., (2006). These authors found reports of many of the same problems, as well as stories that some gangmasters in East Anglia were only paying migrant workers  £1 per hour. This was done legally be paying the minimum wage but then claiming back a huge proportion for accommodation. Migrant workers are not just taken advantage of by employers. There are reports of some people charging migrants for the privilege of finding them accommodation and work. Considering the reports from the Citizens Advice Bureau (2004) and other anecdotal evidence, it seems likely that migrant workers well-being would be significantly affected by their working conditions. Shields and Price (2003) examined the psychosocial well-being of migrant workers in the UK in relation to different labour market outcomes. They found, perhaps unsurprisingly given the evidence reviewed so far, that the health of the badly treated migrant worke rs is particularly poor. In addition they have significantly lower levels of psychological well-being. Health and safety risks of migrants Considering the many reported disadvantages which migrant workers face in the workplace, it is useful to examine the risks to which they are exposed. McKay et al. (2006) carried out a study of 200 migrant workers who were interviewed across five different areas in both England and Wales. One of the aims of the study was to assess whether migrant workers were placed at any greater risk than other workers who were of domestic origin. McKay et al. (2006) point out that one of the key issues in health and safety is the provision of training. One-third of those who were interviewed in this study indicated that they had not received any training. There was, however, a considerable difference depending on the sector in which people worked. Those who worked in the public sector were significantly more likely to receive training than those who worked elsewhere. It was thought that private sector employers attitudes were that once migrant workers had obtained certification they would leave for better jobs. Clearly one of the problems in training is language. Shellekens and Smith (2004) found that communication was made particularly difficult through the use of slang and technical terms. Some employers did provide instructions in different languages but these translations were not always reliable, or were reliably read by migrant workers. Training was also limited in the sense that while there was sometimes induction training, there was unlikely to be any ongoing training. There was also considerable confusion about who was responsible for providing the health and safety training in the first place. For example in cases where migrant workers were employed by an agency, respondents to the research were unclear whose responsibility the training was. Overall McKay et al. (2006) argue that migrant workers are likely to be at a disadvantage in terms of adequate training in their jobs compared to other workers. Consequently it is understandable that around half of the migrant workers McKay et al. (2006) interviewed had no knowledge of health and safety procedures in their workplace. In terms of equipment there was some confusion uncovered in the study about whether adequate protection was provided migrant workers often claimed they werent given full equipment while employers claimed they did provide it. A similar level of contradictory messages was received when migrant workers and employers were asked about the number of accidents that occurred in the workplace. A quarter of migrant worker respondents indicated that they had suffered or witnessed an accident a relatively high proportion (McKay et al., 2006). Many also said that accident were not reported for fear of endangering their jobs. On the other hand, employers stated that accidents were rare and that all accidents, even the most minor, were reported and recorded. Employers did say, though, that they knew migrant workers were brought up in a culture of blame and so would be unlikely to report accidents. Despite the confusing picture, McKay et al. (2006) conclude that levels of accidents are probably higher amongst migrant workers. This is partly due to the fact that employers who agreed to be interviewed were probably more likely to have good procedures in place along with the fact that migrant workers who have experienced problems are also more likely to come forward for the interviews. This might partly explain the gap in reporting. The general welfare of workers was also examined by McKay et al. (2006) who looked at the temperature of working conditions, the breaks, noise and chemicals. They found, again, that there was confusion over breaks with employers generally saying that breaks were allowed, while migrant workers saying that they often werent or at least that their pay was docked if they did take a break. Similar differences were seen on the question of temperature many migrant workers worked in the extremes of temperature. For noise and chemicals there were few differences seen between migrant and other workers. Other types of complaints about working confirmed the findings of the Citizens Advice Bureau (2004) report: that migrant workers work long hours and often did not have written terms of employment. As a result of these findings the Trades Union Congress (2007b) have made a number of recommendations to improve the working conditions of migrant workers. They argue that all accidents should be reported, that there should be sufficient provision of first aid and welfare, that the correct protective equipment should be provided along with adequate training and information. This training and information should be accessible and therefore translated into the relevant language should this be required. Finally the TUC recommends that migrant workers should join a trade union so as proper support and organisation can be provided. Legal protection for migrant workers Since migrant workers are so susceptible to exploitation it is natural to ask what legal protection is in place to improve their working conditions. Since, as McKay et al. (2006) point out, migrant workers are amongst the most vulnerable, they certainly require extra protection. One particular problem identified by McKay et al. (2006) is the behaviour of some ‘gangmasters and how it has been addressed by extra legal protection. A gangmaster is someone who is responsible for the payment and supervision of a whole group of workers. While some gangmasters behave properly, others have been identified as the cause of serious problems. Anderson and Rogaly (2005) have found that the employment relationship can be seriously confused in the case where migrants are employed through gangmasters. Surveys of gangmasters have found that only 10% of them follow the law on employment and 40% were breaking the law in at least six different ways (Lawrence, 2004). To attempt to combat some of these problems the Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 introduced extra protection for those working in the fisheries and agricultural sectors. This purported to introduce the criminal offence of contracting with gangmasters who had not followed the proper licensing procedures. These licensing procedures are an attempt to check agencies and gangmasters follow the proper employment procedures such as reaching the relevant health and safety standards. The Act has been severely criticised, however, as since it came into force the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) has been very slow to draw up the regulations. Also, since the regulations have been drawn up it has become clear that the original powers of the Act have been significantly reduced (Davies Freedland, 2007). One of the clearest ways in which this legal protection is limited is that it simply doesnt cover the vast majority of migrant workers, who work in industries other than agriculture or fisheries. But even in the industries that it does cover, there is a level of scepticism about whether it will make a huge impact (McKay et al., 2006). Employers pointed out that the actual standards required in the licensing were relatively low and that much more stringent measures need to be put in place. The coverage of the system across the country also appears to be patchy. There was evidence that gangmasters had moved from one part of the country to another in order to avoid regulation. In addition, many felt that the audit itself didnt look too closely into the actual past working practices of the gangmasters and agencies themselves. Finally, there were also questions about how well these new laws would be enforced. Conclusion The motives for migration appear to be strong in the current labour market situation: globalisation, skill shortages and the sheer availability of certain jobs in the UK mean that migrant workers are in demand. Changes to immigration policies have meant that there are now a variety of schemes available for migrant workers to come to the UK. Overall the point should be made that the effect of migration on both the host and home countries is probably positive. Unfortunately it has become clear, due to recent studies, that a significant proportion of migrant workers, particularly those working in low-paid, low-skilled occupations, are being exploited. This exploitation appears to run right from the simple bending of rules to the complete flouting of standard UK employment practices. Both Health and Safety and TUC investigations have uncovered serious shortcomings in the treatment of migrant workers. New rules have been introduced by Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 to try and curb the i llegal practices of gangmasters and agencies. Despite this, and despite the young age of the legislation, these rules have been roundly criticised for failing to provide adequate protection for migrant workers. Not least of these criticism is that the legislation doesnt cover the majority of migrant workers. Clearly much greater levels of regulation are required to protect those migrant workers who are at the highest risk of being exploited in the UK labour market. Brexit: Causes and Consequences Brexit: Causes and Consequences On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in an event dubbed â€Å"Brexit† (Britain + exit). This paper will explore the events leading up to the vote, the reasons for and against Britain leaving the EU, the immediate and long-term fallout, the steps to implementation, and the current discussions regarding implementation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, recognizing the distinction between the Euro Currency and the European Union is important. The European Union is an economic and political partnership that began after WWII with six founding members to foster economic co-operation. The EU has steadily grown to 28 countries. The idea was that countries that trade together are less likely to go to war with each other. The Treaty on the European Union states that any European country can apply for membership if it respects the democratic values of the EU and is committed to promoting these values. Countries wishing to join must have stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, a functioning market economy, and the ability to take on and implement effectively the obligations of membership. Financial and transitional arrangements for new members must be negotiated. The EU has its own currency, the Euro, which is used by 19 of the member countries (Wheeler, 2017).   The Euro was adopted in 1999 and is now the second most traded currency after the United States dollar. Some sovereign states that are not part of the EU have also adopted the Euro, as well as many territories, departments, and states of Euro-zone countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Brexit campaign kicked off in 2015, when a pledge was activated to hold a referendum, or public vote, on the UK’s membership of the EU. David Cameron made this promise under immense pressure from â€Å"Eurosceptics† and when the Conservative political party appeared to be losing votes to the UK Independence Party. Cameron then toured EU capitals seeking to renegotiate the terms of Britain’s membership, vowing to campaign to keep Britain a part of the EU. When Britain went to vote, all polls indicated that the UK would remain in the EU (Financial Times: Brexit timeline).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There were many reasons for and against leaving the EU. In 2016, Britain paid in over  £13.1 billion to the EU budget, but also received  £4.5 billion worth of spending. Determining whether the  £8.6 billion net contribution is worth the other advantages of EU membership can be difficult. The EU is a single market, meaning no tariffs are imposed on imports and exports between the 28 members. The UK currently conducts more than 50% of its trades with other members of the EU. Britain also benefits from trade deals between the EU and other world powers. Leaving the EU causes them to lose some of that negotiating power. Following Brexit, the UK could seek membership of the European Free Trade Area, which includes the 28 members of the EU plus Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland. However, joining the Free Trade Area means that the UK would remain bound by almost all EU regulations, while losing their input on those regulations. Open Europe conducted a study which found that the worst-case scenario is that the UK economy loses 2.2% of its total GDP by 2030. They also found that GDP could increase by 1.6% if a free trade deal can be negotiated. Supporters of Brexit think that it would be in the best interest of other European countries to re-establish free trade. However, opponents believe that the EU would want to discourage further exits by making life hard for Britain (Brexit).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For proponents of Brexit, sovereignty was seen as a major reason to leave the EU. Few disagree that EU membership involves giving up control over its own affairs. Those that advocated for remaining in the EU said that leaving would weaken the UK’s position by taking away the power to influence events in an increasingly complex and interdependent world (Riley, 2016). British politician Douglas Carswell wrote that, â€Å"The European Union has lost control, and is unable to respond. Being part of the EU means that we can be outvoted by the Euro block on economic matters†¦The safest thing we can do is vote to take back control,† (Carswell, 2015). He goes on to add that the UK could spend more on their own priorities, such as scientific research, if they left the EU. Carswell also writes that the UK could be a greater influence for free trade and cooperation as part of the World Trade Organization. Immigration is another topic of discussion. Under EU law, the UK cannot prevent anyone from another EU member state from immigrating to the UK. Britons benefit from the ability to live and work in any of the 27 other member countries. Consequently, there has been a large increase in immigration into the UK. While the recent pace of immigration has led to concerns with housing and service provision, the overall outcome has been positive. Some believe that immigration should be cut and control of the borders should be regained. A decrease in immigration would mean more jobs for the people who remain, but with a current unemployment rate of around 4.5%, the UK does not appear to be suffering in this manner. Those that support staying in the EU estimated that there are three million jobs linked to trade with the EU. If trade and investment falls following Brexit, some of these jobs would undoubtedly be lost (Brexit). However, it is not clear exactly how many of these jobs are dependent on the UK being a part of the European Union. On the flip side, if trade were to rise after Brexit, new jobs would likely be created. A writer for the London School of Economics said that limiting freedom of movement between EU countries discourages the â€Å"brightest and the best† from coming to Britain, and it reduces the pool of potential candidates for jobs (Brexit). Security was another point of contention. Those is favor of Brexit argued that remaining in the EU is leaving the door open to terrorist attacks, because the open border does not allow them to know who is entering and exiting the country. However, several senior military figures argued that the EU is an â€Å"increasingly important pillar of our security† especially in light of instability in the Middle East and Russia. Michael Fallon, Defense Secretary, said that they needed the collective power of the EU to work together on counter-terrorism. However, Colonel Richard Kemp, former head of the international terrorism team at the Cabinet Office, said that it was absurd to assume that the EU would put citizens at risk by reducing cooperation (Brexit).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite strong arguments both for and against Brexit, the referendum to decide the future of the UK as part of the EU was held on Thursday, June 23, 2016. Over 30 million people voted, for a turnout of 71.8% of the voting eligible population. The UK voted to leave the EU by a vote of 51.9% to 48.1%. Across the UK, there were significant differences in the percentage of the population voting to leave. Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to remain in the EU by votes of 62% to 38% and 55.8% to 44.2%, respectively. England and Wales voted to leave the EU with votes to leave tallying 53.4% and 52.5% (Wheeler).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The vote on Brexit came with political consequences. The day after losing the referendum, David Cameron resigned as Prime Minister. Theresa May, the former home secretary, took over, becoming Prime Minister without facing a full Conservative leadership contest after the key players from the â€Å"Leave† side withdrew from consideration. May was against Brexit during the referendum campaign but is now in favor of it because the British people voted for it. Her position is that â€Å"Brexit means Brexit†, and she began the process of leaving the UK on March 29, 2017 when she invoked Article 50, a plan for any country that wishes to leave the EU. Article 50 was created in 2009 as part of the Treaty of Lisbon, becoming the first formal mechanism for a country to leave the EU. This short, five-paragraph article spells out that any member state deciding to quit the EU must notify the European Council and negotiate its withdrawal with the EU. Countries wishing to leave have two years to reach an agreement and cannot participate in EU internal discussions about its departure (Wheeler).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Article 50 process lasts two years. Accordingly, the intention is that the UK will leave the EU on March 29, 2019, two years from the date that May began the process. This date can be extended if all 28 members agree, however currently all sides are focusing on this date as the key one. EU law still stands in the UK until it is no longer a member. There is currently uncertainty about how final the break will be on this date. Many prominent figures support a transition period of up to three years to allow a smooth implementation. Although all ties could technically be cut on this date, May and others would like to avoid such a â€Å"cold turkey† exit where current regulations on things like trade and travel ends overnight, as this could harm the economy (Wheeler). In a speech in Florence, May confirmed her government will pursue an implementation of around two years after the formal point of departure scheduled for March 2019. Under her deal, relations between Britain and the EU would remain similar as before, with the UK contributing to the EU budget to settle its divorce bill, and remaining within the single market until 2021 (Theresa).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Along with political consequences, Brexit also had several economic consequences. David Cameron and many other figures who wanted to stay in the EU predicted an immediate economic crisis if the UK voted to leave. They were partially correct; the pound slumped the day after the referendum and remains about 10% lower against the dollar and 15% down against the euro. However, the UK economy was estimated to have grown 1.8% in 2016 and has continued to grow at almost the same rate in 2017. The drop in value of the pound means that exports should get a boost as UK goods will be cheaper, but imported goods will get more expensive (United). Inflation has risen since the vote to stand currently at approximately 4%, but unemployment has also continued to fall to a 42-year low of 4.3%. House prices have fallen from 9.4% in June 2016 to 5% in August 2017 (Wheeler).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pensions, savings, investments, and mortgages are also affected by Brexit. The UK has a â€Å"triple lock† for state pensions, which is an agreement by which pensions increase by the highest of the level of earnings, inflation, or 2.5% each year. Cameron said this policy would likely be threatened by a UK exit, and May had proposed ditching the 2.5% part of the law. However, as part of the post-election deal with the Democratic Unionist Party, the triple lock remains guaranteed. Any expats who rely on UK income, like pensions, will be impacted by currency changes. Additionally, more than a million pensioners living in Spain are currently being paid annual cost of living rises by the UK government. There is considerable concern regarding whether this policy will continue (Connington, 2017).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Savings rates dropped to record lows following the vote, partially driven by the Bank of England’s decision to halve Bank Rate in August 2016. Other factors also played in to the drop, including investors who feared instability and sought a safe haven in government bonds. Prices were pushed up and their yield was consequently decreased. Pessimism in the immediate aftermath of the referendum has subsided and savings rates have begun to bounce back. However, it is expected that rates will remain volatile until Brexit talks are settled and it can be determined what policies will be in effect. The Brexit referendum also impacted mortgage rates. Experts were wrong, however. While it was predicted that rates would initially rise following the vote, they actually fell. Again, this was partly due to the cut of the Bank Rate. It was also caused by increased competition in the mortgage market. Towards the end of 2016, rates began to creep back up, and this pattern of gradual increases is predicted to continue (Dyson, 2016).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The UK and EU negotiating teams met for the first time on June 19, 2017. They meet face-to-face for four days each month in Brussels to try to reach an agreement on the rights of UK and EU citizens after Brexit, a figure for the amount of money the UK will pay upon leaving, and what will happen to the Northern Ireland border. These negotiations are complex, as it is complicated to unpick 43 years of treaties and agreements. The UK team is led by David Davis, a veteran Conservative MP who is Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union. On the EU side, Michel Barnier, a former French foreign minister and EU commissioner, is leading the charge (Wheeler). Since this has never been done before, a great deal will have to be improvised as the negotiations continue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Barnier has not been hesitant to remind the UK side that the â€Å"clock is ticking† on the negotiations. EU summits in March and June 2018 will be important in the process, but the real time crunch is expected to come in the fall of 2018. If a deal is to be approved by Parliament, the European Parliament, and the EU states, it will need to be agreed upon by this point to meet the Article 50 deadline. 72% of the EU states will have to vote in favor of the deal for it to pass. Although the UK could leave before March 2019 if an agreement is reached sooner, that is highly unlikely at this stage. May says leaving the EU with no deal in place is preferred to signing a bad one (Wheeler). If Brexit occurs with no agreement on trade, the UK would operate under World Trade Organization rules.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One main topic of discussion in the negotiations is the type of trade deal the UK will have with the UK following Brexit. Studies by the National Institute for Economic and Social Research suggest that leaving the single market could cause a long-term reduction in UK trade with Europe between 22% and 30%, unless they sign exactly the same free trade deal they have currently. Many in the EU have made it clear that they do not support this. This significant drop in trade reflects the purpose of the single market as reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers within the EU. The government believes that a portion of the trade impact can be offset by creating new free trade deals with countries outside of the EU, but that could take a while (Wheeler). The other major problem involving trade is immigration and labor mobility. Internationally operated businesses often require moving key staff in and out of the country seamlessly, and certain sectors such as agriculture and food preparation rely on thousands of EU workers. This issue is one that would be particularly impacted by a â€Å"cliff-edge† exit and would greatly benefit from transitional arrangements. While it has yet to be agreed upon for sure, at this time, it seems that all EU nationals lawfully living in the UK for at least five years will apply for â€Å"settled status† and be able to bring over spouses and children. Any deal on future legal status and rights must also be reciprocal and give certainty to the 1.2 million expats living elsewhere in Europe. Barnier has demanded more clarity and ambition from the UK government, saying that this proposal does not go far enough and he wants the same level of protection citizens have under current EU law. May has said one of her key takeaways from the Leave vote is that the British people want a reduction in immigration. She would like the net migration, or difference between the amount of people entering and leaving the country, to reach a â€Å"sustainable† level of below 100,000 per year. The rate of increase in population has slowed since the vote, largely driven by an increase in emigration from the UK by citizens of many East and Central European countries (Wheeler). Another very important facet of the Brexit negotiation is how to avoid a â€Å"hard† border between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic, who have been living mostly in peace since the Good Friday Agreement twenty years ago. The invisible land border has been crucial to economic development and has been of huge symbolic importance. Neither side wants Brexit to result in new barriers, but the UK government has not yet produced a realistic proposal on how to avoid physical border controls. The EU worries that leaving this border unpoliced creates a conduit for goods to flow illegally between the UK and the EU via Ireland (Financial Times: Brexit risks). The final contentious topic of discussion is how much the UK will owe the EU for its exit. Barnier wants the UK to cover their liabilities and budgetary commitments. A Commission spokesman likened it to still needing to pay your tab even if you leave the bar. The â€Å"divorce bill† could include pension payments to EU officials, guarantees on loans such as the bailout of Ireland, and spending on infrastructure agreed on but yet to be financed. The EU wants Britain to respect the obligations resulting from the entire period of their membership, referencing the seven-year budget period that runs through 2020. The estimates as to how much this bill could end up totaling range from 5 billion pounds to over 100 billion euros. Once Britain leaves, the EU will have to fill a void in its budget of about 10 billion euros, which could mean increasing contributions from the remaining 27 members, cutting spending, or finding alternative revenue sources (Kennedy, 2017). Ideally, this issue would have been addressed first, but the British preferred to address everything at the same time so trade-offs and compromises could be made. This approach is part of the reason why little headway has been made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Two more current issues are affecting the talks surrounding implementation. The UK government’s EU Withdrawal Bill, formerly known as the Great Repeal Bill, reached committee stage in the House of Commons in November 2017. This bill aims to ensure that European law will no longer apply in the UK following Brexit, by repealing the 1972 European Communities Act. Any existing EU legislation will be carried over into domestic UK law to help with a smooth transition. This bill will be one of the largest legislative projects ever undertaken in the UK, presenting a unique challenge because the body of EU law is found in many different places and in many different forms. Many UK laws will also no longer work upon exit, since they refer to institutions of the EU. Since not all of this can be accomplished through the repeal bill, the government plans to create powers to correct statute where necessary, without full Parliamentary scrutiny (Wheeler). The passing of this bill is further complicated by the ongoing negotiations with the EU.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another new development affecting Brexit is growing evidence that thousands of fake accounts may have been used to influence the Brexit vote. Britain’s intelligence watchdog is facing demands to examine whether Russians interfered. Academics in the UK have found that at least 419 Twitter accounts operating from the Kremlin-linked Russian Internet Research Agency tweeted about Brexit. Additionally, thousands of other Russian twitter accounts posted more than 45,000 times about Brexit during last year’s referendum, in a span of just 48 hours. Approximately 13,000 accounts that tweeted about Brexit during the campaign disappeared after the vote. Theresa May has declined to say whether she believes Russia had interfered, supporting the position that there is no evidence yet. Putin also has denied Russia’s role, saying the day after the vote that, â€Å"We closely followed the voting but never sought to influence it,† (Booth, 2017). The impacts of the Withdrawal Bill and possible Russian intervention have yet to be seen, but will definitely affect the proceedings of the talks surrounding implementation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The year and a half following the Brexit vote has been a contentious time in the UK. The full economic impact is unknown, and markets will likely be volatile as discussions continue and Brexit plays out fully. It is yet to be seen exactly when and how the UK will exit the European Union. Further complicating the exit date is May’s promise that Members of Parliament will vote at the end of the two year process to approve whatever deal is agreed to. They could potentially vote to send the UK back to renegotiate. Andy deal that is made also must be approved by the European Parliament. With so much uncertainty regarding the politics, economics, and other implications of Brexit, discussion on this topic is far from over. Once a deal is finally agreed to, it will impact the UK and the EU for years to come. References Booth, R., & Hern, A. (2017, November 15). Intelligence watchdog urged to look at Russian influence on Brexit vote. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/15/intelligence-watchdog-urged-to-look-at-russian-influence-on-brexit-vote Brexit: What are the pros and cons of leaving the EU. (n.d.). Retrieved from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.theweek.co.uk/brexit-0 Carswell, D. (2015, October 09). Douglas Carswell: Why Im backing Vote Leave in the EU referendum. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/eureferendum/11922172/Douglas-    Carswell-Why-Im-backing-Vote-Leave-in-the-EU-referendum.html Connington, J. (2017, March 10). ​​​How Brexit will affect your money: investments, currency and more. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/investing/isas/brexit-will-affect-money-investments-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   currency/ Dyson, R. E. (2016, June 24). Brexit: ​how will your savings and mortgages be affected? Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/personal-banking/savings/brexit-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   outcome-what-it-means-for-savings/ Financial Times: Brexit risks destabilizing Irelands fragile peace. (n.d.). Retrieved from     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.ft.com/content/046ce872-c30a-11e7-b2bb-322b2cb39656 Financial Times: Brexit timeline: key dates in UKs divorce with EU. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/64e7f218-4ad4-11e7-919a-1e14ce4af89b Kennedy, S. (2017, July 14). Explaining Brexits Costs and Whether Britain Will Pay Up.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-14/brexit-s-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   costs-and-whether-britain-will-pay-up-quicktake-q-a Riley-Smith, B. (2016, June 16). Leave or Remain in the EU? The arguments for and against Brexit. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/16/leave-or-remain-in-the-eu-the-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   arguments-for-and-against-brexit/ Theresa May Seeks 2-Year Brexit Implementation Period. (n.d.). Retrieved from     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://time.com/4952988/britain-theresa-may-brexit-two-years-implementation-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   period/ United Kingdom. (n.d.). Retrieved from   https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/gbr/ What are the key issues for the Brexit negotiations? (2017, March 29). Retrieved from     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39196315 Wheeler, A. H. (2017, November 13). Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the EU. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887

Antigone :: essays research papers

It takes a lot of courage to stand up and defend an action or idea that is forbidden by society. Not only did Antigone do that in Sophocles' story Antigone, but also comparing my life to the events that happened in Antigone, it was not long ago that I had to stand and take action on a forbidden idea. Antigone clearly disobeys King Creon's order that no person should bury Antigone's brother, Polynices, which is punishable by penalty of death. In this case, is Antigone's decision the correct one? Her actions affect many of her other countrymen negatively because they cause problems within the royal family, disagreement among the people and directly relate to the death of three people including her own. By burying her brother, Antigone knowingly and willingly went against royal orders and in doing so chooses her own death. She knows as well as anyone in the town that death would come to all that disobeyed Creon's order. Antigone says to this "no one will ever convict me for a traitor,"(Act I: Scene II: Line 361) and decides to bury the body, this is quite ironic because by burying her brother a traitor is exactly what she is convicted of being. This story somewhat relates to my life because there was an event that took place in High school that caused me to be viewed as a traitor, but at the same time in was in benefit of the school. In my High school there has and always been a mixed crowd of students such as blacks, whites, and Hispanics. At my school it was pretty obvious that blacks hung out with each other and whites hung out with each other. Towards the end of Davies 2 the school year I along with a couple of my friends started receiving races comments that where of course directed to the majority of the black students. As time went on the situation became worse. I was looked at as a traitor simply because I was always the one who hung out with everyone, not just the black students. I took the problem to the principal and nothing was done so we proceeded to go to the board of education and sure enough, Reginald F.

Relationships :: essays research papers

Relationships are impossible, or are they? Why is it that most relationships don’t work? Man meets woman, they date, move in together, get married, have kids and then divorce. This is what most relationships are nowadays. What causes a relationship to fall apart, what relationships you should get out of and are there such things as soul mates. Most people believe that their relationship isn’t like others. They don’t have problems. These kinds of people also think that their partner won’t cheat on them or do anything wrong. But the truth is that almost all relationships won’t last forever. A few reasons relationships fall apart are if one partner cheats, they lose interest in each other, lack of communication which causes problems, if you try to change someone and it backfires, and if you hide something you should have told the other person and then they find out about it later. In a relationship you can tell when you’re losing interest in each other. Some signs are that you don’t talk much with each other, you don’t spend time together anymore instead its spent with your friends away from home. Some signs to tell if the other person in the relationship is cheating is by the person starts to come home from work later then they usually do, they start to smell like perfume that neither of you have, when you confront them about cheating they get all nervous and deny it, when you ask them why they’ve been coming home late from work lately they makeup stupid excuses. And they say there going somewhere but when you phone to see if they are there they aren’t. If you’re in a relationship and the person does any of these things your relationship could be falling apart. Should you leave or stay in an abusive relationship? The answer to this question as you should know it is leave as soon as you can. The reason you should leave an abusive relationship is because if you don’t, you could end up hurt. Most of the time when a person is in this kind of a position they are too scared to leave it because they think the one who is abusing will hurt them more. In some cases they could that’s why its important to leave. Another thing about people who are in this position is that if you suspect they are being abused and you confront them about it they will deny it and change the subject. A few other signs of someone being abused is if they always

What Impressions of the Characters Relationship Are Conveyed by the Language They Use, and the Interaction Between Them

What impressions of the characters relationship are conveyed by the language they use, and the interaction between them? In this text, the opening scene of Ibsen’s Dolls House, the conversation between Helmer and Nora shows who acts as a more authoritative figure through imperatives, patronising lexis and explanative language. This is to show the relationship between the married couple regarding terms of how they address each other. I will also consider gender theories such as Debora Tennen’s gender theory of politeness and Zimmerman and West’s suggesting men are more dominating in conversation.The purpose of the text, A Dolls House, is to reveal information about the relationship between Nora and Helmer through the interactions of their conversation and their lexis. Nora speaks in a polite manor, ‘just this minute’ which could be interpreted through Trudgill’s gender theory suggesting women use precise pronunciation to aim to be viewed at a h igher class. The adjective, ‘just’ could imply Nora will act quickly in order to respond to her husband because he has a higher status and power over herself.However, her husbands language is very different, ‘been wasting money again? ’ this rhetorical question implies a threatening and dominant tone. This could be interpreted by kZimmerman and West’s gender theory which suggests men act more dominant in conversation in order to gain and keep power. The terms of address the couple use change in relation to the conversation topic. Nora addresses her husband by his second name, ‘As you please, Torvald’ which could imply their relationship is formal and she has little authority as he holds all the power.This could be interpreted by Debora Tennen who states that women use terms of address and politeness to form bonds. However, Helmer addresses Nora in two different approaches; whilst they are having a general conversation Nora is referred to as his possession, ‘My little skylark’ the adjective ‘little’ implying she is belittled as she has no authority. Also, the use of the pronoun, ‘my’ implies Nora belongs to Helmer and she has control over her hence the metaphor for her name.However, when Nora ‘misbehaves’ she is addressed with her name, ‘Nora, Nora! Just like a woman! ’ his use of explanative language portrays his loss of patience with her but also he is telling her off like Nora is a child in a patronising manor. The repetition of ‘Nora’ implies she has done wrong and he dismisses her to get her to behave like a father would to a child. This could be interpreted by Grice’s maxims of quantity as he speaks more than Nora implying he has a higher level of authority and power.

Rehabilitation Of Adolescent Sexual Offenders

Juvenile delinquency is increasingly becoming a major vex in society. The involvework forcet of the y divulgeh in criminal activities has compactn its toll as they get more exposure to vehemence through the media and peer influence. An emerging geld in this category is childlike knowledgeable offences among teen get along withrs (Hardill, et al, 2001, 59). However, addressing this issue calls for a comprehensive glide slope that takes into account the miscellaneous micturates of fireual offences and the full range of contri al unmatchableing incidentors.The paper explores the coating of the turn of roast scheme in working with insipid cozy wrongdoers. The daily round of scream is a neighborly system formu belatedd by Lenore Walker in 1970 to explain the inherent patterns observed in an abusive coitusship (Walker, 2000, 204). The theory of The Cycle of Abuse stipulates that abusive relationships argon practically cyclical, i. e. they take place in a recurrin g pattern. The theory identifies three stages or phases of hollo. While these phases do non pick ups follow a linear and decided predictable pattern, they more or less(prenominal) exhibit the following phenomenologyPhase maven- regulationcy. At first, everything seems to be fine. This is formulaly during the initial stages of a relationship, when twain parties show genuine committedness to the relationship. In fact, the stage is also referred to as the h atomic number 53ymoon period. However, as time goes by, one partner, especially the twist aroundr, adopts a negative attitude. In just strong-nigh upshots, an undesirable disposition attri exclusivelye previously restrained, much(prenominal) organism pitiful wittinessed or a perceptiveness to madness begins to emerge. Phase two- Tension building.The cash dispenser in the relationship tends to be strained, make mutual moveion between both parties characteristically cold, constrained and generally ineffective . Signs of latent hostility overwhelm poor communication, verbal laugh at and shifting blames for excusable mistakes. The situation is so delicate such that it requires only a s lightsome provocation for the horrorrs emotions to snap. Phase three- explosion. This is the point at which the tangible pervert takes place. The maltreatmentrs raging fl ares are institutioned by flimsy excuses, such as the victim being late in preparing dinner (in cases of spouse abuse).However, one limitation of Lenors theory is its stress on somatic abuse. While strong-arm violence is the common form of abuse, new-fashioned studies hold back indicated that psychological and emotional distorted set could affect victims even more than the bruises they stomach in physical confrontations. Phase four- reconciliation. afterwards the climax of developed abuse, the abuser takes a reconciliatory stance and apologizes for his/her actions. It is characterized by promises that it go forth not b e repeated, and they might go an special(a) mile to please the victim- buying them gifts or taking them out.As the last phase of the cyclic phenomenon, the apologetic and the friendly mood displayed by the abuser persuades the victim to forget the abuse and consequently, the relationship returns to a state of normalcy. An youthful knowledgeable offender is defined as a youth, from puberty to the legal age of majority, who commits any familiar act with a person of any age, against the victims will, without consent, or in an aggressive, exploitive or threatening flair (Tolan and Cohler, 1993, 115). However, dealing with cases of juvenile offenders is complicated delinquent to popular ideologies that make one-year-old offenders victims of hazard.For instance, ball up in some cases is rationalized on the precipice that boys-will-be-boys and penalize by a slap on the hand and admonitions to be endure, while cases of teens familiarly molesting children are euphemized as curiosi ty or experimentation, and some intimate offenses termed as adolescent change reactions (Ryan et al, 1987). Consequently, the failure to cl early on identify a juvenile as a perk up offender has led to a disposal to ignore early warning symptoms and the unnatural nature of intimate assaults by teenagers (Ryan, et al, 1987).Nonetheless, adolescent versed offences continue to rise and its set up are plainly as far-reaching as those perpetrated by adults are. This has led to increasing concerns on teenage expressions in relation to familiar crimes. What is not lost to both sides of the argument, however, is the fact that behavioral tendencies exhibited in childhood will continue into adulthood if no discourse measures are taken to change these habits. In working with adolescent familiar offenders towards their replacement, intercession measures aims to achieve behavioral change and minimizing situations that could carry to abuse.At the selfsame(prenominal) time, rehabil itation attempts to cut the cyclic pattern to avoid repetition of the same offences. In this regard, the Abuse Cycle Theorys relevance is in its identification of the recurrent nature of abuse. Research studies have shown that for the victims of abuse, the abuse may produce either a learned helplessness or a repetitive aggressiveness (Ryan et al, 1987). In addition, the theory identifies the various doers that put forward abuse such as attitude, as soundly as the various forms the abuse could take.In the case of versed activityual offenses, abuse is not especial(a) to actual acts of forced sex alone, but includes other forms such as stroke of the victims private part. practise OF THE ABUSE CYCLE THEORY adolescent versed offences encounter a cyclic pattern. It begins in early childhood among boys with voyeuristic behaviors from ages five to seven, including attempts to their grandmother and mother exploitation the potty or taking showers (Sandy, 1987). The unusualness of this behavior is because the minors interest in openness on a lower floorlies inner motives or dispositions.The report in The International Journal on adolescent knowledgeable offenders says that it could be only normal if they involve the curiosity of an 18 to 30-month-old who is fire in learning how adults do everything from cook cookies to driving the car, and including use of the bathroom (Ryan et al 1987). However, the habits should subside at age five, for by then the child has learned bathroom manners. The gravitation toward sexual violence among young boys begins at this stage, when their informedness could direct their behaviors with some ulterior motives.In the context of the Cycle of Abuse Theory, this could be a calm stage, but there is a building up of tautness- the sexual desires exhibited by the minors obsession to see nude effeminates. In a case study on juvenile sexual offences, one respondent, a minor on a rehabilitation program, confessed that it sta rted with observing the babysitter having sex with her boyfriend, and it was followed with a habit of assaulting girls in the school grounds, with a motivation to actually frighten, tick, and degrade them (Huttenlocker, 2007). The succeeding(prenominal) phase in a minors emanation towards sexual violence sets in even as early as nine years.Very conscious that what they are doing is inappropriate, they make their acts to look like accidental incidences. A teenage boy under a juvenile program say that his first intrusive behaviors began with a desire to touch female private parts when performing in crowds, and secretly ceremony out for girls. It marked the beginning of his conscious motives to stalk girls, leading to his cyclic sexual violence. It soon developed into an aggressive form of harassment, at age 11, which involved grabbing the chests and butts of female classmates, threatening them with sexual acts (Ryan, et al, 1987).By the time he was 12, he had identified four gir ls whom he would continually harass by ghost their genitalia. The Cycle of Abuse Theorys explanation of the different forms that an abuse could take reflects the minors habit to forward obscene messages and making calls to his victims. In this regard, a comprehensive treatment therapy for young sexual offenders should take an approach that addresses the various stages of the abuse cycle. Since the abuse itself takes different forms, the treatment therapy should be multifaceted in its approach, addressing the following issues.Sex discipline The initial stages of sexually foul-smelling behaviors are characterized with an verbalism of ignorance. In this light, it is vital to accommodate minors with information about sexual behaviors, which could slip off into violent, abusive habits. A research study by the theme Clearinghouse on intimate Violence reports that miss of knowledge and appropriate information regarding sexual behaviors contributes greatly to sexual offenses. Accord ingly, there is need to provide education courses in school with a focus on controlling sexuality, addressing the issues of consent, equality and coercion (Kaplan et al, 1988, 190).It should also include teaching sexual assault victims steerings of resolving their feelings concerning the abuse, in order to lessen their chances of becoming future offenders. The motive for visit is identified in the Cycle of Abuse Theory as one compute that compels abusers to mistreat their victims. Likewise, sexually assaulted children are believably to find an emotional outlet by violating others. Abuse of Trust and Power As noted before, sexually abused children could penalize their experiences on others.To avoid such occurrences, it calls for model(a) behaviors on the part of adults who relate and interact with young children. When adults, especially pedophiles, abuse their magnate and the trust of children to exploit them sexually, they sow seeds of hatred, rejection and a desire to hit out at others. Such perpetrators often try to leave accountability for exploiting their relationship of trust with a child or adolescent on flimsy excuses such as I was drunk when I did it or It is normal for children to be sexual- I was teaching her about sex (Duncan, 14).Abuse of children by adults could also shape their mentality as a way of expressing their dominance. This poses the danger of conditioning their notions about sex as a way to hand masculinity and tame experiences of powerlessness (Ritcher, et al, 2004, 104). occasion work and Relapse Prevention This is the roughly crucial part as it involves destiny the ex-abusers to be assimilated into a normal social life as well as preventing them from slipping back to their offensive behaviors.It includes various therapies such as young mentoring, in- lieu family therapy, homophile sexuality education, parent support groups and safe-out of home placement in the community (Marsh and Fristad, 330). It helps the convalesc ent patients to develop coping skills and relapse-prevention mechanisms to enable them assume normal lives. Previous research studies which sought-after(a) to find out the motivational obtain of sexually aggressive behaviors in men, have established a tendency of being compelled by the urge to meet sexual desires (Lenn, 1994).Snell et al (1992) reported sexual compulsivity, equal to a research by Exner et al (1992), which noted lack of sexual control as the major cause of undisciplined sexual activity. In this regard, it is therefore pressing to educate ex-offenders on ways to overcome their sexual drives, which nearly always culminates in rape and other sexual offences (Erooga and Masson, 1999, 27). In Understanding and Diagnosing Sex Addiction, hindquarters Schneider identifies compulsive sexual behaviors as habit-forming disorders like those of drug abuse (Schneider 2004 198).This perceptiveness helps in singling out incidences of juvenile sexual offences that result as th e abusers inability to resist psychological and physical sex drives. It is important to distinguish victims of circumstances and situation from out-right perpetrators, to design appropriate treatment therapies. Nonetheless, a very crucial aspect of rehabilitating juvenile sexual offenders is widening the mise en scene of treatment to include other factors, which could be directly related to sexual violence. rough studies have shown that there is a coefficient of correlation between drug use and juvenile sexual offences (OReilly, 2004, 81).In fact, Schneider considers the path to sexual habituation to be mistakable to that of a drug addict habit developing into a behavior and finally addiction. In light of the tenets of the Cycle of Abuse Theory, this suggests that sometimes individuals could not control their behaviors. Circumstances and the environment could trigger impulsive behaviors that are sexually offensive. For instance, playing in crowded grounds offers an prospect fo r develop offenders to touch their victims private parts.This is similar to abuses in relationships, where the abusers temper gets triggered by minor incidences such as disagreements. In working with adolescent sexual offenders, it therefore calls for placement programs that remove the abuser from environments that boost his sexual behaviors. In conclusion, the consequence of the Cycle of Abuse in relation to working with adolescent sexual offenders lies in its emphasis on the gradual progression towards violent actions, its cyclic nature as well as its varied forms.First, it highlights the splendor of identifying juvenile sexual offences in their budding stages to avoid their development into high tenseness stages where the offender is vulnerable to acting out their sexual desires. It also avoids further offensive behaviors and helps to bring them back into the community. The theorys reference to the recurrent nature of abuse indicates that juvenile offenders are likely to re- offend, because the need for relapse-prevention measures. The socio-cultural environment within which adolescent sexual offenders operate could also encourage their behaviors.This observation stems from the theorys tension and explosion stages, which indicate that an external triggering factor is necessary to push the abuser towards actual confrontation. In this light, it is necessary to evaluate sexual offenses in the context of family environment and the meeting it could have had in the formative aspects of the offenders personal development (Marshall, 1998, 360). demeanor alone should not be the cadence of labeling a person, but it should as well include factors that influence character development.Equally, cultures that promote male sexual aggressiveness as a desirable quality for men should be discouraged. Secondly, sexual offenses are not limited to actual cases of rape or molestation, but could take various forms such as verbal harassment, voyeurism and exposure of ones p rivate parts. Nonetheless, as in physical and psychological abuse witnessed in relationships, all forms of sexual offenses are significantly harmful to the victim. This is because they have far-reaching effects on the victim, such as fearing the opposite sex even in adulthood, low egoism and negative attitude towards relationships.Lastly, relapse-prevention measures should be designed to achieve long-term goals of permanently changing the offenders sexual behavior. Since sexual offenses by adolescent could be an receptive manifestation of character traits, rehabilitation measures ought to reach out beyond short-term therapies designed to treat immediate symptoms. To this end, then, working with adolescent sexual offenders is not only a field of study of behavior, but a re-creation of character as well. 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