Bilateral Trade Agreements Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bilateral Trade Agreements - Term Paper Example Using the production possibilities frontier, Ricardo was able to prove this, achieving a significant breakthrough in the field of international economics. Practically, Ricardo believes that given the situation, both countries can still gain by having the less efficient country specialize in the production and exportation of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smallest and import the product in which it has its greatest absolute disadvantage. The commodity in which one country has the least absolute disadvantage can be thought of as one in which it has a comparative advantage. The gains are realized as both countries specialize in the production of the commodity in which it has the least opportunity cost (Mankiw). In a high-income and low-income country comparison, the book, Making the International: Economic Interdependence and Political Order highlighted that in a two-commodity example of food and pills, specialization will benefit both countries as each will be producing the commodity with the least opportunity cost, simply saying that trade can help increase income even for the low-income countries (Mackintosh). In recent years, there is an observed rise in the number of bilateral trade agreements between countries. Experts say that for a powerful country like the USA, "smaller FTAs accomplish the goal of liberalization and the expansion of markets for U.S. goods" in the absence of a broader agreement like the Doha round (MacMahon). On the part of the smaller countries, bilateral trade agreements increase the local employment and provide a better climate for investors from powerful nations (MacMahon).It is generally accepted that open economies which engage with the outside world do better than economies that are inward looking.  

Study Effectiveness Of Nebulization Improving Childrens Respiratory Status Nursing Essay

Study Effectiveness Of Nebulization Improving Childrens Respiratory Status Nursing Essay Data analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of research data and testing of research hypothesis using those data. Interpretation is the process of making sense of the result and examining their implication (Polit, 2004). Analysis is the method of rendering qualitative data meaningful and providing intelligible information, so that the research problem can be studied and tested, including the relationship between the variables. The study was conducted among children with wheezing to compare the effectiveness of nebulization with oxygen and without oxygen in improving their respiratory status. The data was collected, assembled, analyzed and tested and the findings based on the analysis are presented in this chapter. 4.1 Demographic Variables of Children with Wheezing: The age of the children with wheezing ranged between one month to five years. Out of this, 8 (16%) children were between the age group of one month to one year, 17 (34%) were between 1-3 years and 25 (50%) were between the age group of 3-5 years. Majority of the children were males (62%) and female children were 38%. 34 (68%) children belonged to nuclear family whereas 16 (32%) children belonged to joint family. LPG was used as the cooking fuel in all (100%) the houses (Table 4.1). 4.2 Family History of Smoking Habits: In nebulization with oxygen group, 5(20%) children had the family history of smoking habit. For majority (4) of children, grandfather was the person who smokes and for one child father was the smoking person. In nebulization without oxygen group, fathers of 3(12%) children smoke in the family (Table 4.2). 4.3 Family History of Respiratory Diseases: 5 (20%) children in the nebulization with oxygen group had a family history of asthma, out of which one person is on regular treatment. In nebulization without oxygen group, 5(20%) children had a family history of asthma and 3(12%) had a family history of COPD, out of which one person is on regular treatment (Table4.3). 4.4 History of Respiratory Diseases in Children: With regard to previous history of respiratory diseases, majority (64%) of children had wheeze associated lower respiratory infection (WALRI) in nebulization with oxygen group whereas in nebulization without oxygen group, 15 (60%) children had WALRI, .6 (24%) children had hyper reactive airway disease (HRAD) and 3 (12%) children had asthma in nebulization with oxygen group , whereas in nebulization without oxygen group,7 (28%) children had asthma and 3 (12%) had HRAD (Table.4.4). About the onset of respiratory diseases, 14 (56%) children developed respiratory diseases before 1year of age and 5 (20%) children developed between the age group of 1-2 years in nebulization with oxygen group whereas in nebulization without oxygen group, 10 (40%) children developed before 1year of age and 7 (28%) children developed between 1-2 years of age (Table.4.4). Regarding the duration of the disease, 14 (56%) children had the duration of disease less than a year and 6 (24%) had the duration between1-2 years in nebulization with oxygen group whereas in nebulization without oxygen group, 11 (44%) children had duration of less than 1 year and 8 (32%) had the duration between 1-2 years (Table.4.4). With regard to the regularity of the treatment, 3(12%) children in the nebulization with oxygen group and 6 (24%) children in the nebulization without oxygen group were on regular treatment. All these children were using inhalers. Majority of the children (66.66%) were using a combination of salbutamol -fluticosone inhaler in both groups and the rest (33.33%) were using asthalin alone (Table.4.4). 4.5 Immunization History: All the children (100%) in both groups were completely immunized. 4.6 Pre assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization with Oxygen Group: The initial assessment of respiratory rate of children in nebulization with oxygen group showed that 6 (24%) children were in mild distress, 6 (24%) children were in moderate distress and 13 (52%) children were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 20 (80%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 5 (20%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air).In the initial assessment of wheezing, 12 (48%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 13 (52%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration.The assessment of retraction showed that 16 (64%) children were normal, 8(32%) children had intercostal retractions and 1 (4%) child had intercostal and substernal retractions..In the initial dyspnoea assessment, 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.5). 4.7 Pre assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization without Oxygen Group: The initial respiratory rate assessment of children in nebulization without oxygen group showed that 10 (40%) children were in mild distress, 8 (32%) children were in moderate distress and 7 (28%) children were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 22 (88%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 3 (12%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). In the initial assessment of wheezing, 17 (68%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 8 (32%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. Initial retraction assessment showed that 18 (72%) children had intercostal retractions and 7 (28%) children had intercostal and substernal retractions. In the assessment of dyspnoea, 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.6). 4.8 Implementation of Therapies among Children with Wheezing: 4.8.1 Administration of nebulization with oxygen: Nebulization with oxygen was provided to 25 children with wheezing who were prescribed for Combimist nebulization in the OPD. Nebulization was provided by the staff nurse for a period of 15-20 minutes. Children who were on treatment prior to the nebulization were not included in the study. Assessment was done before and after nebulization with oxygen. 4.8.2 Administration of nebulization without oxygen: Nebulization without oxygen was provided by the staff nurse to 25 children with wheezing who were prescribed with Combimist (Salbutamol+ Ipravent) nebulization in the OPD. Nebulization was provided for a period of 15-20 minutes. Children who were on treatment prior to the nebulization were not included in the study. Assessment was done before and after nebulization with oxygen. 4.9: Post assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization with Oxygen Group: 4.9.1 Post Assessment at 5 Minutes: In the post 5 minutes assessment of respiratory rate of children in nebulization with oxygen group,1 (4%) child reached normal ,7 (28%) children were in mild distress,5 (20%) children were in moderate distress and 12 (48%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 4 (16%) children reached normal saturation, 17 (68%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 4 (16%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). Wheeze assessment showed that 1 (4%) child became normal, 13 (52%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 11 (44%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 16 (64%) children were normal, 8 (32%) children had intercostal retractions and 1 (4%) child had intercostal and substernal retractions.In the dyspnoea assessment, 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.5). 4.9.2 Post Assessment at 10 Minutes: In the post 10 minutes assessment of respiratory rate of children,1 (4%) child reached normal ,8 (32%) children were in mild distress,7 (28%) children were in moderate distress and 9 (36%) were in severe distress. Assessment of oxygen saturation revealed that 13 (52%) children were having normal saturation, 11 (44%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 1 (4%) child had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). In the assessment of wheezing, 10 (40%) children were relieved from wheezing, 11 (44%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 4 (16%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. Assessment of retractions showed that 21 (84%) children became normal, 4 (16%) children had intercostal retractions.In the dyspnoea assessment, 22 (88%) children were having no dyspnoea and 3 (12%) children were having mild dyspnoea (Table 4.5). 4.9.3 Post Assessment at 15 Minutes: Post 15 minutes assessment of respiratory rate showed that 5 (20%) child reached normal ,5 (20%) children were in mild distress,9 (36%) children were in moderate distress and 6 (24%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 17 (68%) children reached normal saturation, 8 (32%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air). In the assessment of wheezing, 12 (48%) children were relieved from wheezing, 12 (48%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 1(4%) child was having wheezing on entire expiration. The assessment of retractions revealed that 23 (92%) children became normal, 2 (8%) children had intercostal retractions.Dyspnoea assessment showed that 23 (92%) children became normal and 2 (8%) children were having mild dyspnoea (Table 4.5). 4.9.4 Post Assessment at 30 Minutes: Post 30 assessment of respiratory rate showed that 11 (44%) child reached normal, 7 (28%) children were in mild distress, and 4 (16%) children were in moderate distress and 3 (12%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 19 (76%) children reached normal saturation, 5 (20%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 1 (4%) child had moderate desaturation. In the assessment of wheezing, 14 (56%) children were relieved from wheezing, 11 (44%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration. The assessment of retractions showed that 24 (96%) children became normal, 1 (4%) children had intercostal retractions. Dyspnoea assessment revealed that 23 (92%) children reached normal and 2 (8%) children were having mild dyspnoea (Table 4.5). 4.10 Post assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization without Oxygen Group: 4.10.1 Post Assessment at 5 Minutes: Post assessment of respiratory rate showed that 11 (44%) children were in mild distress, 8 (32%) children were in moderate distress and 6 (24%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 1 (4%) child reached normal, 21 (84%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 3 (12%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air).Assessment of wheezing showed that 2 (8%) children became normal, 15 (60%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 8 (32%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 19 (76%) children had intercostal retractions and 6 (24%) children had intercostal and substernal retractions. Dyspnoea assessment showed that 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.6). 4.10.2 Post Assessment at 10 Minutes: Post 10 minutes assessment of respiratory rate revealed that 4 (16%) children reached normal rate, 10 (40%) children were in mild distress,7 (28%) children were in moderate distress and 4 (16%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 7 (28%) children reached normal, 15 (60%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 3 (12%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). Assessment of wheezing showed that 16 (64%) children became normal, 4 (16%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 5 (20%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 22 (88%) children became normal and 3 (12%) children had intercostal retractions. Dyspnoea assessment revealed that, 3 (12%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 22 (88%) children became normal (Table 4.6). 4.10.3 Post Assessment at 15 Minutes: In the post assessment of respiratory rate,9 (36%) children reached to normal rate, 7 (28%) children were in mild distress, 5 (20%) children were in moderate distress and 4 (16%) were in severe distress. The post assessment of oxygen saturation showed that 10 (40%) children reached normal, 13 (52%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 2 (8%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). Wheeze assessment at 15 minutes showed that 19 (76%) children became normal, 6 (24%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 24 (96%) children became normal, 1 (4%) children had intercostal retractions. Evaluation of dyspnoea revealed that 2 (8%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 23 (92%) children were normal (Table 4.6). 4.10.4 Post Assessment at 30 Minutes: Post assessment of respiratory rate showed that 13 (52%) children reached normal rate, 7 (28%) children were in mild distress, 2 (8%) children were in moderate distress and 3 (12%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 10 (40%) child reached normal, 13 (52%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 2 (8%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). In the assessment of wheezing, 19 (76%) children became normal, 6 (24%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration. Assessment of retraction revealed that 24 (96%) children had no retractions, 1 (4%) children had intercostal retractions.Dyspnoea assessment showed that1 (4%) child was having mild dyspnoea and 24 (96%) children became normal (Table 4.6). 4.11 Comparison of Mean Difference of Pre and Post Assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: 4.11.1 Mean Difference of Respiratory Rate in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: In nebulization with oxygen group, the pre mean values of respiratory rate was 41.68 and post mean value at 5 minutes was 40.4.Post mean values at 10 minutes was 37.76, at 15 minutes was 35.6 and at 30 minutes was 32.8. The mean difference between pre and post respiratory rate at 30 minutes was 8.88. This shows a significant reduction in respiratory rate after nebulization with oxygen. The pre mean value of respiratory rate in nebulization without oxygen group was 36.64 .The post mean value of respiratory rate at 5 minute was 36, at 10 minutes was 34.32, at 15 minutes was 32.48 and at 30 minutes was 30.96. The mean difference between pre and post respiratory rate at 30 minutes was 5.68. This shows a reduction in respiratory rate after nebulization without oxygen. Therefore, it can be inferred that the mean difference was high in nebulization with oxygen group comparing to nebulization without oxygen group. This showed that nebulization with oxygen is effective in reducing tachypnea among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.2 Mean Difference of Oxygen Saturation in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Oxygen saturation above 98% in room air is considered as the normal saturation level. The pre mean value of oxygen saturation in nebulization with oxygen group was 95.24. The post mean value of oxygen saturation at 5 minute was 96, at 10 minutes was 97.24, at 15 minutes was 98.08 and at 30 minutes was 98.32. The mean difference between pre and post oxygen saturation at 30 minutes was 3.08. This shows an improvement in oxygen saturation after nebulization with oxygen. The pre mean value of oxygen saturation in nebulization without oxygen group was 95.72 .The post mean value of oxygen saturation at 5 minute was 95.88, at 10 minutes was 96.68 at, 15 minutes was 97.36 and at 30 minutes was 97.08. The mean difference between pre and post respiratory rate at 30 minutes was 1.36. Therefore, it can be inferred that the mean difference was high in nebulization with oxygen group comparing to nebulization without oxygen group. This showed that nebulization with oxygen is effective in improving the oxygen saturation among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.3 Mean Difference of Wheeze Score in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Auscultation of normal vesicular breath sounds is considered as normal. The pre mean value of wheeze score in nebulization with oxygen group was 1.52. The post mean value of wheeze score at 5 minute was 1.4, at 10 minutes was 0.72, at 15 minutes was 0.56 and at 30 minutes was 0.44. The mean difference between pre and post wheeze score at 30 minutes was1.08. This showed an improvement in wheeze score after nebulization with oxygen. The pre mean value of wheeze score in nebulization without oxygen group was 1.32. The post mean value of wheeze score at 5 minute was 1.12, at 10 minutes was 0.56, at 15 minutes was 0.24 and at 30 minutes was 0.24. The mean difference between pre and post wheeze score at 30 minutes was 1.08. This showed that there was no mean difference in wheeze score in nebulization with oxygen group and nebulization without oxygen group. Hence, nebulization with oxygen and nebulization without oxygen has similar effect in reducing wheeze score among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.4 Mean Difference of Retraction Score in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Observation of normal chest movements is considered as normal. In nebulization with oxygen group, the pre mean value of retraction score was 0.4. The post mean value of retraction score at 5 minute were 0.4, at 10 minutes was 0.16, at 15 minutes was 0.08 and at 30 minutes was 0.04. The mean difference between pre and post wheeze score at 30 minutes was 0.36. This showed an improvement retraction score in nebulization with oxygen group. The pre mean value of retraction score in nebulization without oxygen group was 0.28. The post mean value of retraction score at 5 minute was 024, at 10 minutes was 0.12, at 15 minutes was 0.04 and at 30 minutes was 0.04. The mean difference between pre and post retraction score at 30 minutes was 0.24. This showed that there was no mean difference in retraction score in nebulization with oxygen group and nebulization without oxygen group. Hence, nebulization with oxygen and nebulization without oxygen has similar effect in reducing retraction score among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.5 Mean Difference of Dyspnoea Grade in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Grade 0 is regarded as absence of dyspnoea. In nebulization with oxygen group, the pre mean value of dyspnoea grade was 0.2. The post mean values of dyspnoea grade at 5 minute were 0.2, at 10 minutes was 0.12, at 15 minutes was 0.08 and at 30 minutes was 0.08. The mean difference between pre and post dyspnoea grade at 30 minutes was 0.12. This showed an improvement in dyspnoea grade in nebulization with oxygen group. The pre mean value of dyspnoea grade in nebulization without oxygen group was 0.2. The post mean values of dyspnoea grade at 5 minute was 0.2, at 10 minutes was 0.12 ,at 15 minutes was 0..08 and at 30 minutes was 0..04. The mean difference between pre and post dyspnoea grade at 30 minutes was 0.16. Hence the result highlighted that the mean difference was slightly higher in nebulization without oxygen comparing to nebulization with oxygen. This showed that nebulization with oxygen had similar effect in reducing dyspnoea grade among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.12. Effectiveness of Nebulization with Oxygen in Improving the Respiratory Parameters among Children with Wheezing through Pairedt test Analysis: Paired t test was used to assess the differences in pre and post assessments of respiratory parameters among nebulization with oxygen group. (Table 4.8). 4.12.1 Comparison of Pre and Post 5 Minutes, 10 Minutes, 15 Minutes and 30 Minutes Assessment of Respiratory Rate in Nebulization with Oxygen Group: Hypothesis: There will be a significant difference in pre and post assessment of respiratory rate in nebulization with oxygen group. t = t5min = =2.67 t10min = =5 t15min = =7.89 t30min= =12.94 The calculated values of t at 5,10,15 and 30 minutes are 2.67, 5, 7.89 and 12.94 respectively which are greater than the tabulated value at p

We Dont Need Laws to Regulate Encryption Technology Essay -- Argument

We Don't Need Laws to Regulate Encryption Technology "It was even conceivable that they watched everybody all the time. But at any rate they could plug in your wire whenever they wanted to. You had to live -- did live, from habit that became instinct -- in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every movement scrutinized" (1984, Orwell 6). Government shouldn't require in all encryption devices a trapdoor feature that would allow immediate decoding of any message by law-enforcement officials. To begin, the trapdoor feature would be a major disadvantage to U.S. technological companies. The cost to produce technologies comparable to these of other countries would increase with compensation for the extra parts and labor. Consequently, consumers would be more likely to purchase the cheaper products from other countries. Time and money would have to be spent on developing products to meet strict regulations. Thus, less of the focus could be utilized to improve product design. Foreign countries might develop a ...

Medical Tourism : Introduction

During the past four years, the market grew at a whopping rate of 20-30% and is expected to grow further. Considering this growth the current market size is estimated to be $100 billion. Medical Tourism industry offers tremendous potential for the developing countries because of their low-cost advantage. The advantages of medical tourism include improvement in export earnings and healthcare infrastructure. Many people in westernised world are accustomed to visit other nations which can offer medical treatment and very economy rates.In other words high quality health care treatments can be best available abroad at a very affordable prices (Herrick, 2007). Medical tourism has been very popular among the nations like Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, India, Cuba, South Africa, Singapore etc (Bookman, 2007). In order to realize the full potential of the industry, it is imperative for these countries to develop a strategic plan for coordinating various industry players –the medical practitioners, private hospitals, policy makers, hotels, trans portation services and tour operators.This report presents the strategy that needs to be implemented by India, one of the key destinations for Medical tourism, in order to achieve industry-leadership. The reason for rapid growth of the medical tourism may be attributed to long waiting lists, opened channels for a high quality treatments etc (Carrera and Percivil, 2008). The Medical Tourism Industry in India is poised to be the next big success story after software. With a great information technology (IT) hub in India, it has got great potential for medical tourism (Connell, 2006).According to a Mckinsey-CII study the market size is estimated to be Rs. 5000-10000 Crores by 2012. The key concerns facing the industry include: absence of government initiative, lack of a coordinated effort to promote the industry, no accreditation mechanism for hospitals and the lack of uniform pricing policies and standards across hospitals . 2. 0 Aims To analyse business strategies of medical tourism industry and based on the data analysed necessary recommendations are provided in order to develop the efficacy of the this industry in India. . 1 Objectives * To explore the field of medical tourism and different business strategic approaches followed by other developing nations * To analyse the current position of Medical Tourism in India * To evaluate business strategies thrusts for the future * To provide necessary conclusion and recommendation. 2. 2 Scope of the study: There has been a considerable improvement in medical tourism all over the world. However, the developing nation like India needs to develop its own areas to contribute more towards medical tourism.The research had found suitable hypothesis for this study which will be helpful to be tested and effectively practiced in India. The conclusion may provide additional plans for the sustainability of medical tourism in the state. 3. 0 Reasearch Methodology Res earch helps in exploring the new things in certain area of interest and enhances the knowledge (Jenkowicz, 2003). It helps in analysing the conflicts in that particular area and tries out in finding some solutions for a particular conflict. It is the logical and systematic exploration of particular area of interest (Collins, 2003).These acts as template for carry out research. This further enhances the quality of the research (Malhotra, Birks, 2005). Research design can be classified as follows: Figure 3. 1: research design (Malhotra and Birks, 2005) The current study primarily focuses on the business strategies medical tourism in India. An exploratory research is adopted for this current study whereby the key problematic area is not yet identified. On the other hand the conclusive design has only very confined or specific hypothesis. This is a complex study which will have a small sample size.Hence the data thus collected can be quantifiable. The questionnaires in case of the descr iptive study are pre-formulated. Of all the different types of studies the cross sectional studies are considered to be the commonest approach. In case of simple cross sectional studies the respondents will be interviewed only one time where as in case of multiple cross sectional studies the two or more respondents will be interviewed at one time. Cohort analysis, which will be categorised under the multiple cross sectional studies, group of individuals will be exposed to equal traits at given time period.There has been a significant difference between longitudinal and cross sectional research however, longitudinal sample remains same unlike of cross sectional research. The size of the smaple will always remain same if both the researches such as casual and descriptive research are equal in representation (Malhotra, 2006). Research methods According to Blaxter (2006), the research skills constituting selection, analytics and presentation of data explore facts through some distortion s of any interested subject. The research methods have been broadly classified.However, critically evaluating the data through further research would be carried out with help of previous research validation. The methods could be in mixed approach such as quantitative and qualitative methods. The researcher understood that there should be a deep understanding of the tools before incorporating it into the research (Grix, 2004). The researcher finds interpretivism as best approach to explore the subject and to identify the data using qualitative research techniques. There are two different types of approaches commonly used such as inductive and eductive approach. The research is purely based on the end result which is much similar to inductive approach so, the deductive approach is eliminated from this research. The researcher is very keen on identifying suitable tools and techniques to derive appropriate research methods and data collections for which a proper research strategy is to be used which would be critically analysed and confirmed through case studies (Punch, et al, 2004). 3. 1 Data collection: It is the important aspect in the research process.All the research tools and techniques used to collect data is performed with subject to personal interaction, focus groups, observation and artefacts. All the data collection are identified with two segments such as primary data collection and secondary data collection. 3. 1. 1 Primary data: All the data related to qualitative and quantitative methods are observed through this technique. In this primary research, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews are considered as important. The researcher chosen closed ended questionnaire which will be more suitable for the research undertaken (Naoum, 2006).Based on the qualitative type, interviews were performed to derive data required for this research. The researcher had chosen telephonic interview which could be more reliable and can provide deep insight data rel evant to research study. All the interviews are preceded with questionnaire to probe the participants based on the response to previous questions (Collins, 2003). 3. 1. 2 Secondary data: The researcher had gone through a rigorous study based on books, journals, online articles and newspapers. Most of research related journals are derived from science direct and EBSC host websites.However, there is a considerable amount of vagueness found by the researcher during the collection of secondary data. The researcher had followed probability sampling technique to use in the current study which could produce accurate results needed for this research (Breweton, 2001).

My computer

Computers and networks are involved in virtually all social and academic services today. In this normal social world, it helps us save valuable time traveling to places just to see pictures and images of different places. The internet has virtually conquered the world and successfully conquered a very big part of our lives. One can never measure the space and time the internet has lived and evolved for years since its creation. Computers play a significant role in human lives either personal or business. You can see kids or grown ups do their work at their computers. My computer can really act as my buddy. I play games in it, chat in it, and communicate with other people through Yahoo instant messenger, MSN, or Skype. I just get to log in and see if my friends are online, if not I can always look for new friends and buddies in the net that has the same interest as I have. And it has given me a good view of other culture, their attitude, their language and how they look at life. I get a different outlook with life and its meaning which make me understand people and the world better. Communication is very important in building relationships. So my buddy computer has helped me a lot to send email messages and notes to my mom and dad. This I used to make a list of the things that I need to buy, update on some of my school activities, and of course asking favor from mom and dad on some things like additional allowances or weekend getaways with the family.   We do talk to each other personally of course but sometimes there are things that we need to put into writing so they can just print it out and bring it with them when they got to do the errand for my favors. Sometimes I get bored and I am kind of lazy going out so I just lie down in my bed, set my speakers, and then off I go to the coolest music in town. I can download whatever games, music, videos, and a lot of other things in the net that gets my attention. Sometimes I danced with the music to exercise, watch basketball, or just plainly watch HBO or Cinemax. I am sure it contains more than any other human being can give you in terms of information and features. Of course the caring, the sharing and sometimes the quarrels are three human attributes a cold computer buddy can’t give. My computer buddy helps me define my food selections for the day. Whenever mom and dad get lazy cooking meals, I am automatically assigned to chef. Being a chef means ordering and calling restaurants for food delivery. This is the most exciting part. This is the only time I get to order some things in the menu that I don’t understand and have it delivered to the house. There are plenty of websites where we can order food and their menus are already provided together with their prices. Anyway, I get to order what I like and they got to pay everything and it was fun. My cousins visit us sometimes and when they are here at the house, the only thing we get on with the group is my computer buddy. We play music and plainly chat and enjoy each others company. We browse the net for games, and play. Whenever I have an assignment, I always go to my computer for research and references. My computer has always been a buddy for me although it is just an object to say but it has given me a lot of help and a lot of things that I enjoy. To describe it, I can say my computer is a good buddy with a very intelligent mind powered by the internet filled with useful information.   

Television Essays - Television Technology, Television, Free Essays

Television Essays - Television Technology, Television, Free Essays Television TELEVISION We have at least a television in our home. television allows us to hear and see events as soon as they happen. If our grandma's mother or father see TV, they'll suprised and say 'This is diablo's machine!'. We watch TV at least two hour in a day. HOW WORKS TV? When a TV program is broadcast the sound and picture are sent out simultaneously by two different radio systems. The TV camera takes the picture. Camera is the most important part of the camera. The light from the object is allowed to fall on a light sensivite plate located inside the camera tube by the lens. This plate consists of thousands of light sensivite particles which act as photoelectric cells. Each photoelectric cell gives off electrons in the same proportion as the light falling on it. This forms an image on the plate. The bright and dark spots form an electric current which leaves the transmitter as carrier waves. These waves are picked up by the receiver. The TV receiver picks up both the sound and the picture. The antenna of the TV set picks up the weak current and passes it to a cathode ray tube which is called the picture tube. The electron beam scans the screen of the picture tube in exactly the same way that it scanned the target of the camera tube and a picture is formed on TV screen. The image on the screen changes 25 times a second and, since we can't detect individual pictures moving at this speed, we see a continuously moving image. WHO INVENTED THE TV? Television wasn't invented by a man. Many people helped for inventing TV. (For example German Nipkow (1884) , Russian Rosing (1911) , American Zworikin...) DEVELOPERS 1884Nipkow**German** 1911Rosing**Russian**-Zworikin**American** 1923-1928Baird**English** 1923-1928Barthelemy-Halweck**French** TV's STEPS in WORLD NPKOW He made a TV and he invented scanning disk with holes. ROSNG & ZWORYKN They invented first vision on screen. BAIRD & HALWECK-BARTHELEMY Baird in England , Halweck and Barthelemy in France transmit blur visions with radioelectiric waves. 1947 The visions became clear visions 1951 Colored TV was invented. 1953 & 1962 Eurovision in 1953 , Mondovision in 1962 were broadcasted and TV became a important thing in world. TV's STEPS in TURKEY 1963 A education center for TV was builded. 1966 A small broadcaster was bought for Ankara and started closed broadcasting. 1984 We started colored broadcasting.

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Study Guide

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Study Guide The Wonderful Wizard of Oz,  by L. Frank Baum, is a book that has transcended its time and place.  More than a century after its publication, it remains a seminal piece of popular culture (helped, of course, by the iconic 1939 film adaptation starring Judy Garland). Much of the novel’s continued  popularity and presence can be attributed the stunning imagination that Baum brought to the work. Equally important, however, is the fact that the story lends itself to multiple interpretations. New generations continue to reinterpret the tale, despite Baums own insistence in the original introduction that the story â€Å"was written solely to please children of today.† Fast Facts: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Author: L. Frank BaumPublisher:  George M. Hill CompanyYear Published:  1900Genre:  Childrens novel  Original language: English  Themes:  Childhood innocence, inner strength, friendship  Characters:  Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, the Cowardly Lion, the Wicked Witch of the West, the Wizard, Glinda the Good Witch of the NorthNotable adaptations:  The Wizard of Oz  (1939, dir. Victor Fleming)   Plot Dorothy is a young girl living in Kansas with her Uncle Henry and Aunt Em. A cyclone hits; terrified, Dorothy’s dog Toto hides under the bed. Dorothy goes to fetch him as her aunt and uncle hide in the cellar. The Cyclone carries the whole house- with Dorothy and Toto in it- away. When they land, Dorothy discovers that she has arrived in Munchkinland, part of the Land of Oz. The house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East. Glinda, the Good Witch of the North, arrives. She gives Dorothy the Wicked Witch’s silver slippers and tells her that to get home she will have to travel down the Yellow Brick Road to the Emerald City to ask for help from the Wizard. As Dorothy and Toto travel, they meet three companions: A Scarecrow, a Tin Woodman, and a Cowardly Lion. Each lack something- the Scarecrow needs a brain, the Tin Woodman needs a heart, and the Lion needs courage- so Dorothy suggests they all travel to the Emerald City together to ask the Wizard for help. At the Emerald City, the Wizard agrees to give them each what they seek if they kill the Wicked Witch of the West. In Winkie Land, the Wicked Witch sees them coming, and attacks them several times on the way. Finally the Witch uses a magical Golden Cap to summon flying monkeys, who tear the stuffing out of the Scarecrow, dent the Woodman badly, and capture Dorothy, Toto, and the Lion. The Wicked Witch makes Dorothy her slave and tricks her out of one of her silver shoes. This annoys Dorothy and in a fit of anger she throws water on the Witch, and is astonished to see her melt away. The Winkies are delighted and ask the Tin Woodman to become their king, which he agrees to do once Dorothy is home. Dorothy uses the Golden Cap to have the Flying Monkeys carry them back to the Emerald City. There, Toto accidentally reveals the truth: The Wizard is just an ordinary man who traveled from Omaha via hot air balloon many years before. He gives the Scarecrow new stuffing in his head for brains, the Woodman a stuffed silk heart, and the Lion a potion for courage. The Wizard agrees to take Dorothy home with him in his balloon, appointing the Scarecrow ruler in his absence, but once again Toto runs off and as Dorothy gives chase the Wizard accidentally cuts his lines and floats away. Dorothy asks the Flying Monkeys to carry her home, but they cannot cross the desert that bounds Oz on all sides. She and her friends set off to Quadling Country to seek the help of Glinda. Along the way the Lion is asked to become king of the animals in a forest and agrees to do so once Dorothy is home. The Flying Monkeys are summoned for a third and final time to fly them the rest of the way to Glinda. Glinda tells Dorothy that her silver shoes will take her anywhere she wishes to go, and then uses the Golden Cap to ask the Flying Monkeys to take her friends to their respective new kingdoms, and then sets the Monkeys free. Dorothy returns joyously to Kansas with Toto, ecstatic to be home. Major Characters Dorothy:  The  protagonist of the story. She is a young girl from Kansas who lives  with her aunt and uncle on their farm. She maintains a cheerful and childlike happiness in the face of adversity, and demonstrates bravery in frightening moments. She has little patience for deception or indecisiveness. The Scarecrow:  A scarecrow whose greatest  wish is to have the intelligence he believes he lacks. He joins Dorothys journey to the Wizard in order to request a brain.  Ã‚   The Tin Woodman: A former woodchopper who was cursed by the Wicked Witch of the East. Her spell  caused an enchanted axe to chop off each of his limbs.  The Tin Woodman slowly replaced every part of his body with tin, but he did not replace his heart. He wants to ask the Wizard for a heart. The Cowardly Lion:  A lion who  believes himself to be a coward.   The Wicked Witch of the West:  The sister  of The Wicked Witch of the East (who was killed accidentally by Dorothy). She is very powerful and very angry at all times, and is greedy for more power. The Wizard. An ordinary human who, like Dorothy, traveled  into Oz by accident. Taken to be a powerful wizard by the inhabitants of Oz, he goes along with the ruse and builds up an illusion of immense power, though he means no harm. Glinda the Good Witch of the North. A good witch, Glinda is kind and merciful, but her influence diminishes away from her home in the North. She attempts to safeguard and guide Dorothy throughout her adventures. Themes Many of the themes of the book can be seen as simple lessons Baum wished to convey to his young readers. Childhood Innocence:  The story celebrates a conception of childhood that combines duty, virtue, and good behavior with an unfettered imagination. Baum paints Dorothy as thoroughly enjoying her voyage through the magical world of Oz while never flagging in her determination to return home. Inner Strength:  Through the story many of the characters start off believing themselves to be lacking in some fundamental way- the brains, courage, and heart Dorothy’s companions wish for, and Dorothy herself seeks a way to get home- that they turn out to have always possessed. Friendship: The power of helping others and caring for them triumphs over the greed and anger of the Wicked Witch. None of the characters would have found what they wanted without the help of the others. Literary Style and Devices Straightforward Text:  Inspired by classic fairy tales, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is written in a straightforward, plain way that is easy for children to read and understand. Bright Colors: Baum uses a lot of description, emphasizing bright colors and exuberant descriptions in order to generate mental images. Repetition: Baum uses repetition powerfully. Goals, important details, and other aspects of the story are repeated, as are plot points- there are several smaller quests nested inside the main one of Dorothy getting home, for example. Compartmentalized Chapters:  Baum makes  it easy to keep things straight by focusing each chapter on a single main event, with a clear end-point when the chapter finishes. This style makes it easier to easy to read the story in several sittings, as a parent might to a children. Interpretations of The Wizard of Oz The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is frequently interpreted as more than just a children’s story.  Complex political, social, and historical theories have been credited to it. Populism. One of the most famous theories involves the populist movement that collapsed in the late 19th century, linked to the debate over monetary policy. According to this theory, Dorothy represents the American people as innocent and easily fooled, while other characters represent aspects of society or politicians of the time. Economic forces and theories are represented by The Yellow Brick Road (the gold standard) and the Emerald City (paper money), and the Wizard is the deceptive politicians manipulating the public. There’s more to the theory, but the more you dig into it the less sense it tends to make. Religion.  The Wonderful Wizard of Oz  is frequently identified as a coded allegory by both Christians and atheists, usually using the same symbols in different ways. For religious readers, the story can be seen as a tale of resisting temptations and battling evil through faith. For atheists, the Wizard is a deity who is ultimately revealed to be a sham. Feminism.  There is evidence of a  feminist subtext in The Wizard of Oz. The male characters are all lacking- they are fakes, cowards, and frozen, or part of otherwise oppressed or passive  groups. The women- Dorothy and Glinda most notably- are the true powers in Oz. Legacy The Wonderful Wizard of Oz continues to be read by children and adults around the world. It has been adapted many times for stage and screen and continues to influence both children’s literature and adult fiction. The storys  imagery and symbolism- the Yellow Brick Road, the silver shoes (turned into Ruby Slippers for the classic film), the green-skinned witch, the fanciful companions- are regularly used in new works as both callbacks and reinterpretation. The book is often described as the first American fairy tale, and is indeed one of the first children’s stories to specifically refer to American locations and culture. Key Quotes â€Å"There is no place like home.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh no, my dear; Im really a very good man; but Im a very bad Wizard, I must admit.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Brains do not make one happy, and happiness is the best thing in the world.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The true courage is in facing danger when you are afraid, and that kind of courage you have in plenty.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"How can you talk if you haven’t got a brain? I don’t know†¦ But some people without brains do an awful lot of talking†¦ don’t they?†

SAT Test Dates 2015 - 2016

SAT Test Dates 2015 - 2016 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We present information about SAT test datesfor the 2015-2016 school year here. We also link to our top articles that you must read before deciding on a test date. Table: 2015-2016SAT Test Dates and Deadlines The 2015-2016 school year's test dates, normal registration deadlines, late registration deadlines, and score availability are posted below. Test Date NormalDeadline Late Registration Online Score Release October 3, 2015 September 3, 2015 September 22, 2015 October 22, 2015 November 7, 2015 October 9, 2015 October 27, 2015 November 26, 2015 December 5, 2015 November 5, 2015 November 23, 2015 December 24, 2015 January 23, 2016 December 28, 2015 January 12, 2016 February 11, 2016 March 5, 2016 * February5, 2016 February 23, 2016 May 10, 2016 May 7, 2016 * April 8, 2016 April 26, 2016 June 14, 2016 June 4, 2016 * May 5, 2016 May 25, 2016 July 12, 2016 * = New SAT Test Dates for all tests March 2016 and forward - see note below The College Board administers the SAT on Saturdays, with more tests offered in the fall. If you can't take the test on Saturday for religious or other reasons, Sunday alternate dates are usually available. Visual Calendar of 2015 and 2016 Dates You shouldn't just put down the next date that's available. To choose the best test dates for you personally, we have created a full guide for you for SAT test date selection. First, here arefour test date factors you should consider. Second, you should plan ahead and think about whether you want to take the SAT more than once. (Note: the chart below is based on older predictions, so while the test dates are accurate, refer above to the offical table for exactly accurate Normal and Late Deadline Dates) (C) 2015 PrepScholar Inc, Use with Link to PrepScholar.com Allowed You can clearly see a few things immediately: SAT test dates are very tightly clustered in the fall. In Spring 2016 the dates were much more spread out, with the exception of May/June. It's difficult to take two SATs in a row: by the time the score comes out, the late registration date has already passed. Besides, you'll want to prep to make the most of a re-test. Warning: SAT Test Dates May ChangeSign up to Receive Free Updates // What's Next? The next step after you've figured out which dates you want is to register for the SAT (read our step-by-step instruction here). Also, if you want to score well, you should consider the different ways to prep for the sat. We consider the pros and cons of different prep methods with our free ebook. Notes about New SAT and Accuracy All the SATsfrom March 2016 forward are in the New SAT (out of 1600) format. Since these tests were still being actively developed by the College Board, they were especially liable for fluctuation - even after official College Board annouces them formally. Last minute College Board date changes can and do happen historically, so we encourage you sign up for our free notifcation through our blog. We'll keep an eye on changes so you don't have to! Other Articles You May Be Interested In Future Years' SAT Test Dates How to Choose the Best SAT Test Dates (updated!) Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

ORGANISATION AND BEHAVIOUR PART 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ORGANISATION AND BEHAVIOUR PART 2 - Essay Example 2. Condition existing outside the company- This factor mainly includes the environment & surrounding conditions that cause problem to the employees which includes housing problem, poor transport facilities, lack of recreational facilities, hazardous climatic conditions, & wrongly designed labor markets. 3. Personal problems of the employees- These issues are related to the personal life of the employees which includes sickness, accident, family issues, & ceremonies. If we analyze closely, we will find that the problems currently faced by the Bellingham Bakery started developing soon after the acquisition of Waterfields Company. Staff turnover increased at a greater rate especially in the Waterfields outlet. The management was seriously concerned when they found that some trainees left the company even before completion of their training period. After getting an idea on the probable causes of employee turnover & absenteeism, we can conclude that the employees at Bellingham Bakery were majorly affected by the acquisition step. The Waterfields outlets included mostly traditional machineries. These machineries were replaced & modern mass production equipments were introduced. Attention was specified on the extensive training & development of the staff on the procedures for using these machineries. Also most of the Waterfields managers left the firm after the acquisition & those positions were filled up by the Bellingham staff. These details help us to narrow down the possible causes for the rising problems of the organization. Firstly, the acquisition effected in a cultural & organizational change & therefore a difference between the 15 Waterfields outlets & the other Bellingham branches started taking shape. Secondly, the mass production system as a whole is a monotonous process which requires employees to perform same task repetitively. Thirdly, the new machines introduced proved to be a barrier to the efficiency of the staff who previously used to be the employe e of the Waterfields. Fourthly, training procedures might prove to be a failure if the need for training & the employee’s capacity to learn it is not assessed carefully. Fifthly, only in-house training might prove to be inadequate for the employees to learn about the distribution process. Sixthly, lack of incentive or reward program for good performance & a performance appraisal structure is missing in the firm. Seventhly, the ‘Family Feel’ which prevailed in the structure of Waterfields disappeared from the structure of Bellingham. Finally, longer training period might act as a tool for preventing the employees to achieve a higher designation in spite of having the required efficiency. As per the absenteeism & employee turnover causes discussed above, it follows that the conditions that exist within the company can be solved with various strategies implemented within the management structure. However the external conditions & personal factors are not within the organization’s control. The best thing that can be done is to provide an efficient Employee Assistance Program to know about the grievances of the employees that are causing disturbance in their life hence compelling them to leave their job or take frequent leaves. Question 2 Most of the

History of Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Christianity - Essay Example But this was not for long. Unlike other groups or so-called messiah, Jesus was believed to rise from the dead. Before Jesus was born, teachings were already taught about a Messiah coming to the world and will save mankind from the wages of sin. They were expecting a savior from a well-off family, a son of a king or anyone that would be having a great power or authority. Ironically, Jesus came from a family of carpenters. He was born at the time everybody was sleeping, unnoticed. When Jesus grew up, his nature was to reveal God's plan, he was always with Pharisees and teachers. Jews then were separated. One part became followers and one part became haters. Those who believed Jesus' teachings followed him though they have different reasons. Some followed him just because they can get something out of Jesus, that is, they were healed from their sicknesses, Jesus taught and was able to change tax collectors from being greedy to open handed ( in which common people greatly benefit from it ) and others followed him because of their faith and belief that Jesus was truly the Messiah. The haters incl ude majority of the Pharisees. Pharisees were of great authority at that time. Anything they say were followed without questions. People greatly looked after them. When Jesus came, their followers decreased and they became afraid that a time would come that people would no longer hear them. Hence, they plotted plans to destroy the trust and attention that the people were giving to Jesus and his teachings. It became not that hard for them to get rid of Jesus since Jesus was claiming that he was the Messiah. They accused Jesus of being disrespectful and committing blasphemy until they were able to put Him on a stood. Jesus' death became very frustrating in the part of Jesus disciples and his followers. But beyond their knowledge, this was God's original plan. Jesus was raised from the dead after three days. He showed himself to his disciples and left very important instructions. It became a proof that what Jesus was teaching and claiming as being God himself is true. Further, the resurrection of Jesus became the ultimate distinction from other doctrines which were funded by various leaders who call themselves savior or messiah. Aside from Jesus, there were no other people who claim the same as what Jesus does. After their death, they were no more. They left no history and no future as well. Through time, the success of Christianity became established. The re-bonding of the disciples after Jesus' resurrection, their faithfulness, commitment and love to the mission that Jesus left were the utmost reason of the religion's success. Moreover, at one point in the Greek history, it was said that Christianity had no alternative but to become a religion immersed in Greek culture and language. Jews were hoping for a Messiah who would come to build a new Jerusalem, but their hopes were dashed under emperors Titus and Hadran Romans encouraged gentiles to settle in Judea after the Jews revolted. The destruction of Jerusalem also strengthened the followers of Christianity who did not believe that a new kingdom would be built on earth but in a heavenly body. Christianity played an important role in the development and functioning of the Roman Empire. Largely, Christianity became the universal religion. Christianity started as a denomination of Judaism based on the

Financing a Business Magazine Article Coursework

Financing a Business Magazine Article - Coursework Example In the year 2011, the number of small businesses in the UK was found to be around 4.5 million, which indicated that around 99 percent of the businesses were small firms (Nanto, 2010). The financial crisis has made it difficult for many small firms to get funding assistance from the banks. According to the Huffington Post, around 170,000 small businesses had to close down in the USA, in the year 2008-10; out of which around 6.79 million small firms closed in 2010, and around 6.96 firms closed in 2008 (Kavoussi, 2012). The rate of self-employment diminished by 4 percent in 2007 and further by 12 percent in 2009 (Halm-Addo, 2010). A series of survey was done, which revealed that the reducing employment, sales, investment rate during 2009 and even during 2008, were affecting the small business and their performances. About 165 small firms were surveyed in the UK and it was found that around 1 in every 20 firms had doubts of their survival, and around 8 percent were forecasting deep troub le for themselves. The small businesses do not have high cash reserves or large proportion of capital assets which would be acting as collateral. So it becomes difficult for them to secure additional financing during economic crisis. Bankruptcy among the small businesses are common than the large firms because even banks do not take the guarantee of financing them during such situation (Forrest, and Yip, 2011). The current economic crisis has created major liquidity issues in the banks, which in turn has influenced the lending practices. Bank of England has reported that financial crisis has observed the weakest flow of funds to the small businesses in the UK. The demand for secured and unsecured lending has increased in the UK since 2009, but it has been noticed that the changing policies of the banks due to rising risk of bankruptcy and insolvency, has limited the supply of funds. Evidences have been accumulated that the small enterprises in UK have faced difficulties in accessing funds during the period of 2008-09. According to the Forum of Private Business Reports, poor flow of cash and late payments were the major issues that the Economic Downturn Panel has referred to. They have also highlighted that these were mainly due to the slow decision-making, lack of any sales activity, and the increasing cost of lending rates. It was found in June 2009, that in the UK, about 33 percent of the small businesses could not access financial aid from banks, and around 44 percent of the small firms had to face immense difficulty to receive financial assiatnce. All the above statistics reveal that it is indeed difficult to raise money in the present economic climate. This is the reason why other ways of financing need have to be evaluated, so that small businesses do not close down just because of not getting access to bank loans (Stokes, and Wilson, 2010). The alternative sources of funding are discussed below: Merchant Cash Advances: In this type of financing the lend er does not lend money on equated monthly installment (EMI) basis, but they are interested in the sale and purchase of credit card income of the future. So they collect a fixed percentage of the credit card income daily, until the loan is repaid (Department of Business Innovation & Skill, 2012).

I'll attach it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

I'll attach it - Essay Example Moreover, the interviewee should know the responsibilities of the person in the post they are applying for. Such information can be obtained from the company’s website, and the job description in the post advertisement. Response to interview questions is critical. The best way to respond to questions is through the C.A.R strategy. The interviewee should describe the circumstance, actions taken and the result in details. This response shows deep understanding of concepts and increases the chances of the interviewee being hired. The response to general questions should be strategic. The fluency and ability to answer the general question is vital. The interviewers will want to know the strengths and weaknesses of the interviewee. They will also want the interviewee to explain what skills he/she will bring to the company if hired. It is important to prepare for such questions. The response should fit the requirements of that specific job. The appearance of the interviewee has a great impact on how well the interview goes. It is appropriate for men to dress in 3 piece suits or a shirt and a tie. The belt color should match the color of the shoes. Wearing minimal jewelry for both men and women is recommended to attain an official look. For women, it is highly recommended to wear a two piece suit. The skirt length should be below the knee, and the blouse should be conservative. Closed official shoes are more presentable during interviews. There are various types of interviews, the most common forms of interviews are telephone, video, face-to-face, panel, behavioral and case studies. When responding to a phone interview, it is recommended that the interviewee should use a landline. The interviewee should wear headphone in video and telephone interviews so that they can clearly hear and understand the questions. Most interviewers offer duration of one minute for

Final Exam questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Exam questions - Assignment Example Qualitative risk assessment however applies rationale to develop fixed values of factors to risk. Qualitative risk assessment method is the most suitable for homeland security. This is because of its diversified advantages, over the quantitative method, that meets the scope of Homeland security’s need for fast and accurate reactions. The advantages include simple analysis and results that facilitates prompt detection and response to risks (Landon, 2011). Risk management refers to a strategic process of managing probability of loss that is associated with a peril. Risk management strategies involve identification of involved risk, followed by its analysis that culminates to mitigation. The strategies are â€Å"avoidance, reduction,† and transfer (Akitonye, and Beck, 2009, p. 245). The three major threats facing the United States today are terrorism, natural disasters, and cyber crime. Terrorism is however the greatest of these threats because of its source and its political aspects. Being caused by human beings means that it can happen any time and its risk is enhanced by the United States international positions as a world power. The nation’s participation in international wars, especially in the Middle East also identifies significance of the threat. The relationship between risk, critical assets, threats, vulnerability, and consequences is that risk is a factor of critical assets, threats, and vulnerability, and its occurrence leads to adverse consequences. Risk defines exposure to a peril or potential peril. Critical assets define those assets that are instrumental to attainment of an objective while threats define phenomena that induce unpleasant effects. Vulnerability refers to the susceptibility to a threat and consequences define the results of manifestation of a threat. The presence of critical assets, threats, and vulnerability integrates to

Halliday Functional Grammar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Halliday Functional Grammar - Essay Example An example would be "otter" and "odder" or "prints" and "prince". (Suber & Thorpe 2001). Linguistic Determinism is a theory of language that contends that all our thoughts are defined by language. Without words to define an idea or object, the mind can have no understanding of it. It was first proposed in 1950 and has remained a controversial subject (Biever 2004). A recent discovery of the numeric system of the Pariah tribe, whose language only contains words for the numbers one and two, is an example of linguistic determinism. A study revealed that they could not tell the difference between 4 objects and 5 objects since they did not have a word for them (Biever 2004). The study seems to support the theory that human languages determine the conclusions that we reach, the concepts we have of our lives, and all our emotional make up. A simplified language that develops when two languages combine is called a pidgin. First contact with English speaking settlers resulted in Native languages combining with the settler's language to form "pidgin English". It is formed as a basic, and usually temporary, means of communication between two distinct cultures. However, if the pidgin is used over the span of generations it develops into a more complex language with a wider vocabulary. It then becomes known as a Creole. The Creole spoken in Louisiana by the Cajuns is an example of the combination between the French and African languages. When the language is spoken of as being "Cajun", it is a dialect of Louisiana Creole. (Pidgins and Creoles 1997). Antonyms Antonyms, are words that have opposite meanings such as "high" and "low" or "good" and "bad". There are 4 types of antonyms. Gradable antonyms are ends of a graduated spectrum that express opposite qualities such as "hot" and "cold". Complementary antonyms are absolute opposites such as "moral" and "immoral". Relational antonyms describe an opposite relationship between two words such as "cop" and "robber" or "take" and "give". An auto-antonym is the same word that has two opposing meanings. "Fast" (move swiftly) and "fast" (to hold firmly) are auto-antonyms as well as "sanction" (to sponsor) and

Final Exam questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Exam questions - Assignment Example Qualitative risk assessment however applies rationale to develop fixed values of factors to risk. Qualitative risk assessment method is the most suitable for homeland security. This is because of its diversified advantages, over the quantitative method, that meets the scope of Homeland security’s need for fast and accurate reactions. The advantages include simple analysis and results that facilitates prompt detection and response to risks (Landon, 2011). Risk management refers to a strategic process of managing probability of loss that is associated with a peril. Risk management strategies involve identification of involved risk, followed by its analysis that culminates to mitigation. The strategies are â€Å"avoidance, reduction,† and transfer (Akitonye, and Beck, 2009, p. 245). The three major threats facing the United States today are terrorism, natural disasters, and cyber crime. Terrorism is however the greatest of these threats because of its source and its political aspects. Being caused by human beings means that it can happen any time and its risk is enhanced by the United States international positions as a world power. The nation’s participation in international wars, especially in the Middle East also identifies significance of the threat. The relationship between risk, critical assets, threats, vulnerability, and consequences is that risk is a factor of critical assets, threats, and vulnerability, and its occurrence leads to adverse consequences. Risk defines exposure to a peril or potential peril. Critical assets define those assets that are instrumental to attainment of an objective while threats define phenomena that induce unpleasant effects. Vulnerability refers to the susceptibility to a threat and consequences define the results of manifestation of a threat. The presence of critical assets, threats, and vulnerability integrates to

Quanitative problem statement surrounding the development of a rapid Essay

Quanitative problem statement surrounding the development of a rapid response team to reduce codes outside of the ICU - Essay Example The benefit of RRTs is that there is a drop in cardiac and respiratory arrests outside of the intensive care units (Simmonds, 2005). The scope and nature of the RRT is such that the professionals attached to the team have to be extremely competent, which means that these professionals drawn away from other areas of requirement in a health care environment. There may be an argument that the nursing actions in RRTs assist patient nurses in formulating the situation, background, assessment, and recommendation (SBAR). However this hardly diminishes that RRTs pose to nursing in terms of the lack of experience, work pressure due to high patient nurse ratio, which are factors in the high turnover among nursing professionals. It must be remembered that the nursing professionals attached to RRTs are expected to carry with them critical thinking skills, and that these nursing professionals come from non-intensive care environments, where skills and competencies are present in a much lesser deg ree than in the case of the nursing professionals in the intensive care environment. Thus it is important that appropriate education and training be given to nursing professionals before being made a part of RRTs, along with choosing the appropriate nursing professionals for such a role.

Personality traits Emotional Labor

Personality traits Emotional Labor Emotions are a natural part of an individuals makeup and their management is a routine task. Emotions are best judged in the workplace which is considered as the rational environment for individuals (A. Grandy, 2000). In past emotions were totally ignored as a study of behavior (Arvey, Renz, Watson, 1998; Putnam Mumby, 1993). Research findings have proved that management of workplace emotions are a good predictor of individual as well as organizational outcomes. But the gap lies how organization and personal characteristics are related to managing emotions. One of the terms used for managing fake emotions at job for a particular amount is termed as emotional labor (Hochschild, 1983). The focus of the present article is to find an exact relationship between individual characteristics (personality and the need for achievement) with emotional labor. Grandey (2000) has defined emotional labor as the process of regulating both feelings and expressions for organizational goals (p. 97). In lay man term it is basically defined as artificial or displayed emotions that employee may not privately feel (Ekman Friesen, 1975; Goffman, 1959; Hochschild, 1983; James 1989). Qualitative research shows that all employees find their true feelings do not always conform to their roles (Ashforth Toumiuk, 2000). As feelings do not erupt spontaneously or automatically employees modify their display of emotions either by deep acting or by surface acting (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993; Hochschild, 1979, 2003). Both deep acting and surface acting represent different intentions. When engaged in deep acting, an actor attempts to modify feelings to match the required display rules whereas in surface acting employees modify their displays without shaping inner feelings (Ashforth Humprey, 1993; Hochschild, 2003). Increased competition between service providers has forced organizations to give attention to quality of service, which is directly proportional to employee interaction with customers (Bowen Schneider, 1988). For example an air hostess has to greet with smile each and every passenger on board in order to provide quality customer service regardless of her bad mood, family problems, responsibilities etc. Research findings have proved certain antecedents of emotional labor (surface acting deep acting) which are Social Factors; Hochschild (1979) argued that individuals may learn to feel according to the situation cues. Secondly Occupational Factors; the display of positive emotions is required in many service occupations, including restaurant workers and flight attendants. Funeral directors in contrast are required to display negative emotions (i.e. sadness). Some job requires display of neutrality i.e. those of the judges (Rafaeli Sutton, 1987). Finally Organizational Factors; The service employees represent the organization to the public. Therefore organizations have vested interest being managed well by the service employee. Thus, organizations increasingly offer display rules for the employees. Several researches state that individuals regulate their emotions according to situations in which they are able to create emotion ((Freud, 1936/1961; Frijda, 1986). This regulation of emotions mainly results in job burnout, stress, dissatisfaction and other negative job outcomes as proposed by Hochschild (1983) and others. But these outcomes and emotion regulation are somewhat subjected to different personality traits which is not studied in past. The current study extends the research in two ways. First we examine one of the most critical variables i.e. personality dimensions to see how extraverted, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness and neurotic (Costa McRae, 1992; Goldberg, 1992) individuals will regulate their emotions in a certain situation, whether they tend to behave as a deep actor or surface actor. Secondly we will see how need for achievement which is the need of an individual to accomplish significant task, will define persons display of emotions at job. Literature Review Understanding the concept of emotional labor is very important as it might affect the employees in certain ways which can either be useful or useless. As the research has already proven that the emotional labor excites pressures for the person to recognize with their service roles (Black E. Ashforth; Ronald H.humphery, 1993). Emotional labor is an invisible mask that the employees have to wear as the job requirement. But this display of emotions is totally dependant on the personality of the employees. Personality is defined as a mix of persons psychological as well as biological traits that makes him unique from others and persists over a certain period of time (Phares, 1991: 4). Each personality trait has its own depth and significance some of them are determined by birth and some are determined by situational factors ( Cattell, 1950). Emotional labor is basically related to the situational side of personality. Five broad dimensions of personality have been identified by analyzing, observing, seeking responses from thousands of people. These five factors are independent variables, and are studied with many other factors such as job performance, org commitment, job burnout, positive negative affectivity (Costa McCrae 1980), job stress, emotional intelligence, emotional expressions, self efficacy, self esteem and many more. Dimensions include; Neuroticism which is basically how much a person has control over his/her emotions? It can be high or low. People with low levels of neuroticism are confident, secure and calm which indicate emotional stability whereas high levels of neuroticism increase the probability of occurring negative emotions like stress, burnout, dissatisfaction etc. Persons with high levels of neuroticism are reactive and more easily troubled by stimuli in their environment. They are prone to moodiness. Persons having strong control over emotions on the other hand need strong stimuli to be aggravated (Howard Howard, 1995). Person with high neu roticism are not at all psychologically defected. A more proper term could be negative affectivity or nervousness (McCrae John, 1992). Extraversion, extraverts tend to be more physically and verbally active. They are gregarious, outgoing, assertive and high spirited. As they have excellent social skills they are best at jobs which require interaction. In contrast introverts may be described as quiet, reserved, shy and unsociable ( Costa McCrae, 1992: 49). Openness to experience is a measure of how much a person is creative and thinks out of the box. People with a high openness to experience have broad interests, are liberal, curious and are artistically sensitive whereas people with low openness to experience are predictable, conservative and prefer familiarity (Howard Howard, 1995). The agreeableness scale is linked to compassionate, self-sacrifice, trust, eager to cooperate, caring versus competitiveness, aggression, indifference, self-centeredness, unkindness and envy (Howard Howard, 1995). People who rate high on agreeableness are more compliant, rule abiding and interpersonally strong and are best fitted at jobs which require interaction for e.g. customer service. So their relation with emotions seems to be positive due to their social skills. Conscientiousness determines goal-directed actions and amount of control over desires. The more conscientious a person is the more responsive, well organized, dependable and persistent he is (Costa McCrae, 1992: 49), they have high standards and always strive hard to achieve goals. The personality traits which are not included in the above model may also serve as the basis for investigation of their relation with emotional labor for example in the present article we have taken; apart from the big five model a personality trait called the need for achievement. This is defined as the drive to excel, and strive to succeed. People who rate high on this need are more likely to set high challenging goals and as they are personally responsible so they are not good at managerial jobs instead entrepreneurial activities suit them the most. So regulation of emotions seems a difficult task for these people because they dont rely on others and does what they think is perfect. Figure: Theoretical framework conceptualizing personality traits with emotional labor. Deep Acting (felt expressions): Two of the dimensions of big five model, extraversion neuroticism are consistently linked with emotions and are expected to be positively related with felt expressions. Extraversion is related to positive affectivity which influences positive moods and more rewarding interpersonal relationships due to their strong social skills. In contrast neuroticism is totally opposite which is related to negative affectivity which influences negative moods and pessimistic approach. Costa McCrae (1980) found that extraversion relates to pleasant affect and neuroticism relates to unpleasant affect. Several studies support the relation between extraversion and neuroticism with emotions and different mood states. First, extraverts and neurotics have been found to react differently to a similar stimulus (Grey 1981), for example an extravert will behave positive when exposed to a stimuli due to positive affectivity whereas a neurotic person will develop negative behavi or when exposed to the similar stimuli due to its negative affectivity. Secondly extravert and neurotic persons have different affective experiences when encounter a certain situation. Now this theoretical link between emotional state and the two FFM personality dimensions predict that there might be a relation of these traits with deep acting (felt expressions). Hypothesis 1: Extraversion will be positively related to expressing felt emotions. Hypothesis 2: Neuroticism will be positively related to expressing felt emotions. Surface acting (fake emotions) Previous studies have found relation of displayed emotions with four of the personality dimensions; extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness (Tews Glomb 2003). Extraversion is said to have relation with display of positive fake emotions as they are inclined to positive emotions. Here extraverts are likely to display fake positive emotions for e.g. happiness because they do not need to, as they are by nature positive people and are very optimistic about things, situations, events etc. On the other hand extraverts are good self monitors and can adjust themselves according to the situation; due to their social skills they can easily display positive fake emotions. Similarly if an extravert is not feeling positive they will outwardly display positive emotions to others by suppressing their negative emotions. Hypothesis 3: Extraversion is positively related to expressing fake emotions. Now if we link neuroticism to expressing positive emotions we know that people who rate high on neuroticism experience negative emotions like stress, burnout, depression, anxiety and are more likely to display fake positive emotions in the workplace by suppressing their negative emotions. This is due to the reason that they want to compensate their inner negative feelings and want to be acceptable in front of others. Hypothesis 4: Neuroticism is positively related to expressing fake emotions. Conscientious individuals are very goal oriented, responsible and are high achievers. Once they are hired, conscientious people not only tend to perform well, but they also have higher levels of motivation to perform, lower levels of turnover, lower levels of absenteeism, and higher levels of safety performance at work. So we can say they are more likely to display positive fake emotions in order to fulfill their job responsibilities. Hypothesis 5: Conscientiousness is positively related to expressing fake emotions. But on the other hand it can be negatively related to expressing fake emotions because of the fact that a conscientious person is believed to possess qualities that reflect dependability (e.g., thorough, careful, organized, responsible) as well as volitional constructs such as need for achievement (Barrick Mount, 1991; Hough, 1992, Moon 2001). Non dependable persons make decisions on their own and they are more than happy to live by the desires of themselves not others. They have no difficulty expressing disagreement with others. They dont fear of those around them not accepting or approving of them. They are not at all sensitive to disapproval so they dont behave in a way others want them to (Olvera 2007). So we can say they are negatively related to expressing fake emotions. Hypothesis 6: Conscientiousness is negatively related to expressing fake emotions. Agreeableness is strongly related to expressing fake emotions as they are very good natured, helpful, and cooperative with others and for this they might put on a good face while making interactions with others. Secondly these individuals hardly retaliate when someone treat them unfairly so they might suppress their negative emotion at that time and express fake emotions to avoid conflict. Thirdly as these people are very nice, tolerant, sensitive, trustworthy, kind and warm they are liked by everyone and to maintain this impression they try to be as good with others as they can with the help of artificial display of emotions. Hypothesis 7: Agreeableness will be positively related to expressing fake positive Emotions. Openness to experience reflects persons curiousity, originality, intellect, creativity, and flexibility. McCrae Costa (1991) argued that these individuals have a very broader and deeper scope of awareness and they need to experience new things and ideas. They are not related to any kind of facial expression and any social interaction so no relationship is maintained between openness to experience individuals and emotional labor. Need for Achievement is the desire to do well at something. It is motivated by a want to achieve success, mastery, and fulfillment. People whose need for achievement is high know what they want and reject things which distract them from their goals. They do what needs to be done even when they dont want to so this means if they want to achieve something they can display positive fake emotions in order to excel. These people are highly emotionally stable, they have full control over their emotions and can regulate them where required. So whatever the situation may be they are likely to manage it and strive for success. Lastly they know and understand the principle of communication so they are very strong at communicating and articulating their thoughts in many ways and presenting them to others. And wherever social skills are strong means a no of relationships with others are involved which some way or the other requires an artificial display of emotions. Hypothesis 8: Need for achievement is positively related to expressing fake emotions.

Personal Goals :: essays research papers

As a student at the University of Phoenix three personal goals that I want to achieve are, first is to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years. Next is to become a better writer. Throughout junior college, writing has always been my weakest point and with the amount of writing assignments required at University of Phoenix this needs to be one of my top goals. Finally is to complete every course with no less than a B letter grade. With making the decision to return to school and taking on the considerable financial burden, receiving an average grade would be unacceptable to my standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While being employed full-time, The University of Phoenix has the rare opportunity for working professionals to finish courses in just 5 weeks. Having such a compressed time schedule for completing degrees will make it possible to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years as long as I do not deviate from the program. I have decided that my number one priority in life is to complete my degree. I do not have other major commitments outside of work that will distract me from my assignments so staying focused on school will be realistic. Though I cannot predict the future, I do not plan on taking any time off during the two years that would result in interrupting my class schedule. With the option of taking CLEP test this will allow me to â€Å"test out† of some of the lower-division courses such as communication arts and humanities. Although this will require additional studying outside of my upper-division courses the CLEP test can hel p eliminate additional courses needed to be taken, so I can stay on track of my 2 year goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writing papers has never been my strongest asset throughout school. I always found myself only writing what was required of me but never trying to improve my writing skills on my own time. In junior college the majority of my classes were math and science with a major in Administration of Justice. The only writing that I had to do was case briefs, which was based on legal research, which did not require any creativity, brainstorming and writing skills, just citing the facts and decisions in a proper format. To become a better writer it will take self-discipline and dedication. Because writing is my weakest point, submitting quality papers will require the most amount of my time by doing research and proofreading. Personal Goals :: essays research papers As a student at the University of Phoenix three personal goals that I want to achieve are, first is to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years. Next is to become a better writer. Throughout junior college, writing has always been my weakest point and with the amount of writing assignments required at University of Phoenix this needs to be one of my top goals. Finally is to complete every course with no less than a B letter grade. With making the decision to return to school and taking on the considerable financial burden, receiving an average grade would be unacceptable to my standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While being employed full-time, The University of Phoenix has the rare opportunity for working professionals to finish courses in just 5 weeks. Having such a compressed time schedule for completing degrees will make it possible to complete my bachelor of science in business management in 2 years as long as I do not deviate from the program. I have decided that my number one priority in life is to complete my degree. I do not have other major commitments outside of work that will distract me from my assignments so staying focused on school will be realistic. Though I cannot predict the future, I do not plan on taking any time off during the two years that would result in interrupting my class schedule. With the option of taking CLEP test this will allow me to â€Å"test out† of some of the lower-division courses such as communication arts and humanities. Although this will require additional studying outside of my upper-division courses the CLEP test can hel p eliminate additional courses needed to be taken, so I can stay on track of my 2 year goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writing papers has never been my strongest asset throughout school. I always found myself only writing what was required of me but never trying to improve my writing skills on my own time. In junior college the majority of my classes were math and science with a major in Administration of Justice. The only writing that I had to do was case briefs, which was based on legal research, which did not require any creativity, brainstorming and writing skills, just citing the facts and decisions in a proper format. To become a better writer it will take self-discipline and dedication. Because writing is my weakest point, submitting quality papers will require the most amount of my time by doing research and proofreading.

The Red Badge of Courage Essay -- English Literature Essays

The Red Badge of Courage The Red Badge of Courage, by Steven Crane, has been considered one of the greatest war novels of all time. It is a story that realistically depicts the American Civil War through the eyes of Henry Fleming, an ordinary farm boy who decides to become a soldier. Henry is very determined to become a hero, and the story tells Henrys voyage from being a young coward to becoming a brave man. This voyage is the classic trip from innocence to experience. To begin, the story starts out with a huge debate between the soldiers. One boy had heard a rumor that the regiment would be moving on to fight a battle the next day. Some of the soldiers agree with this boy. Others think that their regiment will never go into a real battle. While watching this argument, Henry, the protagonist, decides that he would rather go lay down and think rather then take part in the heated argument between the soldiers. Henry, a simple farm boy, is rather excited when he hears the rumor that they will be fighting soon. It had always been a dream of his to fight in a war, and become a hero. Now his dream was coming true. Henry begins to think about what life was like before he entered the army, and remembers some stories of war he has heard from old veterans. This flashback is very effective in showing how his previous experiences have affected his thoughts on war now. It is very clear that he is afraid that he will not be able to withstand the pressures of a war. He keeps telling himself that if he wants to become a hero and realizes he can not run away. He must stick out the battle with the rest of his fellow soldiers. While marching along, Henry sees the first corpse he has ever seen. He shows sorry for the m an because the dead man had died in such poor conditions. The souls of his shoes were worn bare. When Henry sees the corpse, he begins to wonder if his generals actually know what they are doing. He thinks that the generals are leading him right into a trap and right into the middle of the enemy, the rebels. Henry deals with his fear of battle by acting calm and confident. He acts as if he has been in a thousand battles, and complains about the walking. It shows one of Henry’s defense mechanisms and how he can use his arrogance to hide his innocence. Regiment 304 moves on to battle the next day. Henry is getting very scared, but is too ... ...hey are going to be fighting is going to be very tough, and the general is looking for spare regiment. The leader feels that there is no way Regiment 304 will survive the battle alone, and calls the soldiers ‘mule drivers’, thinking that they are slow, and rather stupid. When Henry and Tom hear this, they are very upset. They are determined to fight as hard as they can, and with all their heart and souls. Henry and Tom prove themselves well in the battle. They steal the confederate flag, and are both brave enough to go out on the field without weapons. After the regiment retreats, the general recognizes both soldiers as extremely brave, and comment that they are fit to be generals themselves. This final action is what finalizes the movement from innocence to experience for Henry and Tom. They went into the war as little boys, and now they are moving on as men. They have both earned their red badges of courage, as well as the hero status they had dreamed of obtaining forever. In conclusion, The Red Badge of Courage is a great novel and I hope you will take the time to read it. But, if The Red Badge of Courage is not for you, Steven Crane has many more great novels

Argumentative Essay on Legalization of Marijuana Essay

Ever since marijuana’s first recorded use five-thousand years ago, it never had much popularity until the last century with prohibition and anti-war movements. The legalization of marijuana has recently been a rather controversial issue, although there should be no issue at all. Marijuana should be legalized. Prohibition was once tried with alcohol and it was a proven failure, and it should be soon proven again with marijuana. Marijuana is a relatively safe drug, especially when compared to other illegal drugs and even some legal drugs, such as alcohol and tobacco. There are many reasons marijuana is illegal and frowned upon today; most of which are irrational or ill-informed, while the rest are underlying reasons and irrelevant to the actual safety of marijuana and its users. There are many obvious benefits to society if marijuana were to be legalized. This includes the elimination of a large portion of underground drug dealers and their consumers. Financially, the common taxpayer would also be positively impacted. More than 300 economists, three of them well known, have estimated that the US government could save as much as $13.7 billion per year; $7.7 billion saved by not having to enforce the current prohibition, and $6 billion if the government taxed marijuana similarly to alcohol and tobacco (1). Not to mention the many jobs that would be created for American citizens in order to actually produce and market the marijuana. Medicinal reasons should also be accounted for, which include the need of medical marijuana for patients to live without pain. To put it simply; ill and ailing people are denied life-altering medicine because marijuana is illegal. Marijuana is a proven, effective, medicine. The Institute of Medicine’s report on marijuana, published in 1999, states, â€Å"In conclusion, the available evidence from animal and human studies indicates that cannabinoids can have a substantial analgesic effect.†(2). Included in this report is evidence supporting, to a lesser extent, marijuana relieving clinical depression, and was also shown to suppress  nausea and vomitting commonly associated with chemotherapy. Marijuana can also be especially effective in improving the appetite of AIDS and cancer patients. It is completely irrational to have such a potentially beneficial drug illegal, while thousands of American’s die each year from legal drugs, such as alcohol and tobacco. Marijuana is, in every way possible, safer than alcohol. Alcohol is toxic to healthy cells and organs, a side effect that results directly in about thirty-five thousand deaths in the US annually from resulting illnesses. Heavy alcohol consumption can depress the central nervous system, inducing unconsciousness, coma and death. Worldwide, alcohol consumption causes a staggering four percent of all deaths worldwide; more than AIDS, tuberculosis or violence (3). By contrast, the active compounds in marijuana, known as cannabinoids, are relatively nontoxic to humans. Unlike alcohol, marijuana is incapable of causing a fatal overdose, and its use it inversely associated with aggression and injury. The difference between marijuana and tobacco is even more evident. There is a common myth floating around claiming that one marijuana joint is equal to five cigarettes. This false conclusion is originally derived from a study by Dr. Donald Tashkin in which the researcher examined airflow resistance in the lungs of tobacco smokers compared to that in the lungs of marijuana smokers (4). He did find that daily pot smokers experience a â€Å"mild but significant† increase in airflow resistance in the large airways, greater than that seen in people smoking sixteen cigarettes per day. But what is not usually told is that, ironically, Dr. Tashkin also found, in the largest study ever of its kind, other, more important markers of lung health, in which marijuana smokers did much better than tobacco smokers. It is also rarely mentioned that the researcher’s study unexpectedly found that smoking marijuana, even regularly, does not lead to lung cancer. Zero people have died from the use of marijuana, nor has there been a case of marijuana causing any form of cancer. The fact that marijuana is illegal today is sufficiently caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the war on drugs. The government simply cannot turn back. They make a concerted effort to inform  American citizens that marijuana is bad for the taxpayers. Billions of dollars have gone towards fighting the war on drugs – marijuana specifically -, which would seem wasted if all this money was spent on something that was legalized anyway. The US government, as an investor, is in a relatively unique situation. It just wouldn’t be logical for the government to throw away their money, jobs, and pride without extreme pressure from an outside force. They would never abandon such a huge investment, unless they had to politically. Of course, there are many voices to be heard when concerning counter-arguments to the legalization of marijuana. Unfortunately, many can be disproven logically. For example, a common argument is ‘It is morally wrong to get high.’ The people who say this are usually theists of some sort, and don’t fully realize that morals vary from person to person, or religion to religion. Without a set standard of morals, the government or anyone else for that matter should have no right enforcing one set of morals onto another, especially if no one but themselves are affected. Then there is the classic, ‘Marijuana is addictive.’ This is true, but not in the way implied. Marijuana is not physically addictive in any way as are cigarettes; you can get addicted to marijuana just as you would get addicted to food, sex or anything else in life, for it is only psychologically addictive. There are those that claim that marijuana is a gateway drug, and therefore, should not be legalized. Well, if marijuana was a gateway drug, it would be far less effective as such if it were legalized; being forced into an underground market to buy an illegal drug would unavoidably serve as a ‘gateway’ to more illegal drugs, and can only be prevented by either getting rid of the entire market of illegal drugs, or simply legalizing marijuana. The use of marijuana is not as harmful as the government wants its people to believe, but nevertheless the government sponsors scare tactics on TV, using misleading or wrong information. Renowned scientists around the world have agreed that marijuana’s ability to play a significant role in medicine is more evident now than ever. Marijuana causes absolutely no long term health issues and can improve the quality of life of millions of sick, ailing people. Harmless and innocent people will continue to be harrassed,  arrested, and forced to suffer until this ‘horrible’ drug is legalized.