Countries such as UK and USA are MEDCs (more economically developed countries) Essay Example for Free

Countries such as UK and USA are MEDCs (more economically developed countries) Essay World development is the process which countries go through to make more money and develop their economies. Countries such as UK and USA are MEDCs (more economically developed countries) where as countries such as Brazil and Mexico are becoming rich and they are known as developing countries. However, the people living in these developing countries still do not have a good health scheme or their own homes. LEDCs (less economically developed countries) are very poor, such as Sudan and Bangladesh. People living in these countries tend to lack basic essentials like food, clean water and clothing. It is important to have world development because everyone in the world becomes part of a society in which human rights are observed and basic needs of housing, work and healthcare for all. It gives opportunity for the poor to lead peaceful lives and to have a say in global communities. World development is important also because without it there is conflict in the world. In the 20th and 21st centuries, there has been lots of conflict between LEDCs. As a result of this, poverty has worsened and become more frequent. Too much of the world’s money is spent on arms trade, to defend other countries from attack. This money could be spent on more important things which would help the process of world development such as: medication, education and agriculture. In the Kosovo conflict many fields were burnt and, as people had not grown food. Therefore, there were no crops to eat or sell. This caused loss of money and also human lives because many people died of starvation. A recent example of conflict is the war on Iraq. With world development, there would be solidarity in the world and it would relight warmth and compassion. Natural disasters cause many problems for LEDCs because there are no emergency help schemes to rebuild the areas affected. Usually, countries such as the USA have to step in and help by equipping the poor with food boxes, water and shelter etc. the economy in less economically developed countries is a more fragile industry. These industries are severely affected by natural disasters because there is loss of tourism; with an outcome similar to the Tsunami. International debt remains to be a severe problem in LEDCs because they have no solution but to borrow money from MEDCs. In the 1970s LEDCs borrowed from the World Bank. In the 70s, interest rates were low (1-2%) but in the 80s rates increased as high as 20-27%. Also, prices fell meaning that products being sold by poorer countries – such as coffee, tea and sugar. As the countries earned less, they were paying more back. There are 41 countries in the world classes as heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC). For example, Zambia spends  £106 million a year on debt repayments. Another reason why we need world development is that trade is not fairly paid for. Trade is selling something you have grown or made to somebody else- trade brings jobs and money. Trade rules are not based on development and they help MEDCs more. Goods can move freely through countries subsidised industries so that goods can be produced more cheaply. Mexico, signed the North America Trade Agreement which meant that Mexico and America can trade freely. US maize is now sold at such a cheap price that Mexican farmers are not paid enough to live on. Fair trade has been introduced. This means that by paying a few pence more for chocolate, coffee etc then you can increase the farmer’s wage who harvested it.

PESTEL Analysis of McDonalds Food Industry PEST Example

PESTEL Analysis of McDonalds Food Industry PEST Example Introduction McDonald’s is the largest fast food chain in the world. There are approximately 35,000 McDonald’s stores across 119 countries, and they jointly serve around 68 million customers a year (McDonald’s, 2014). Each McDonald’s is either run as a franchise, or by the McDonald’s Corporation itself in the UK, approximately 65% of McDonald’s restaurants are run as a franchise, and the remaining 35% are run by McDonald’s themselves. There is a relatively stringent application process involved in becoming a McDonald’s franchisee – McDonald’s themselves lists some of the requirements, including:a high level of integrity, business experience, experience within the food industry, the time and ability to complete a minimum of nine months franchisee training, a full time commitment to the opportunity, and a high level of investor capital (McDonald’s, 2014b). Such commitment to ensuring the strength and commitment of their franchisees has perhaps contributed to the strength of the McDonald’s brand, which is among the world’s best-recognised and well-regarded, particularly in the fast food market (Moskowitz, 2014) This essay will examine the current business environment McDonald’s operates in through a PESTEL analysis, to examine the general external business environment and the specific industry factors that may affect the business. The results of this essay can then be used as the background for a SWOT analysis to highlight the specific strengths and weaknesses of the McDonald’s business model and its potential future opportunities and threat, which should help to determine the best strategic direction for McDonald’s to take in the coming years. PESTEL Analysis A PESTEL analysis examines the external business environment facing a firm in 6 main areas; Political factor, Economic factors, Sociological factors, Technological factors, Environmental factors and Legal factors. Though a single organisation is normally unable to directly affect the external factors facing it, a conglomeration of companies can exert some pressure on these factors, particularly any political factors through the intelligent use of political lobbying. Proper understanding of these factors allows the organisation to highlight areas of business opportunity when combined with proper understanding of the business’ strengths, and also potential threats to the business when combined with a proper understanding of the firm’s weaknesses (Baines et al, 2011). Thus, for effective strategic planning, analysis of the external factors is the most important step before performing an analysis of the business’ intrinsic strengths and weaknesses through a SWOT analysis. Political The fast food industry is often a target for government initiatives aimed at improving health and reducing obesity, particularly in European countries. In 2003, after the publication of a report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) on the link between general levels of salt intake among the UK population and heart disease, the UK government introduced initiatives to reduce the amount of salt in many foodstuffs, including many products within the fast food industry in general, and McDonald’s in particular. In response, McDonald’s reduced the overall salt content of its UK menu by around 14% (Food Standards Agency, 2005). In Germany, a recent food labelling initiative required all fast food restaurants to provide clear indications of a number of nutritional factors for each of their meals, including salt and sugar levels, calorie content, saturated and unsaturated fat levels, and a traffic-light label indicating the overall level of healthiness, with green indicating both low calorie and low fat options, and red indicating high calorie, high fat options (Hurt et al, 2010). Similar initiatives have been implemented in the UK, France and the Netherlands, though reports indicate that the introduced food labelling has little impact on overall demand within the fast food industry (Grunert and Wills, 2007). In Denmark, a government initiative in 2003 placed restrictions on the amount of artificially created unsaturated fats, known as Trans Fat, or TFA, which have been shown to be heavily involved in increasing cholesterol and thereby heart disease risk., TFAs are present in many food industries that rely on deep fat frying, as they can be used for far longer than more conventional oils while still staying relatively fresh (Choe and Min, 2007). Prior to the imposed restrictions, a meal of Chicken McNuggets and Medium French Fries at a typical Denmark McDonald’s had, on average, 30g of Trans Fat. After the restrictions, the same meal had on average less than 1g of Trans Fat (Hurt et al, 2010). In the US, by comparison, the fast food industry is far more self-regulating, with little to no government intervention at all, despite many published reports on the link between fast food industry advertising and childhood obesity (Wilson and Roberts, 2012). This is due to two main factors: firstly the US political system as a whole tends to be far more committed to laissez-faire economics than even its most right-wing European counterparts – in general, there is far more political inertia to overcome (Skousen, 2009). Secondly, the fast food industry has an aggressive and concentrated lobbying presence in the capital (of which McDonald plays a significant role), and is politically savvy enough to avoid or negate any proposed regulation that makes it through (Wilson and Roberts, 2012). The fast food lobby has thus far defeated proposed restrictions on Trans Fat content similar to those enacted in Denmark, a proposed ‘soda tax’ on sugary drinks, and policies aimed at controlling the amount of sugar, salt and fat in children’s meals (Wilson and Roberts, 2012). This helps to keep McDonald’s US profit margins higher than those countries where such restrictions have been imposed (Schlosser, 2012). Economical The recent economic recession was incredibly disruptive for firms in many industries, reducing revenues and profits across the board, and decreasing consumer demand for many goods and services (Kliman, 2012). However not all firms and industries were adversely affected – some actually saw revenue and profit opportunities increase during the economic downturn due to higher demand these tend to be firms and industries that are seen to provide ‘value for money’, of which the fast food industry is one (Bems et al, 2010). Fast food restaurants can be seen as imperfect substitutes for more traditional restaurants; many consumers prefer to eat out at a fast food restaurant as a cheaper alternative to a more expensive traditional restaurant. In 2008, near the height of the crisis, the fast food industry in the UK actually saw increased growth in terms of revenue of 4.5%, with an overall increase in demand for McDonald’s products of around 4% (Key Note, 2009). Other countries that saw similar increases in demand in the fast food industry in general and McDonald’s in particular include Japan, France and Belgium (Economist, 2010). By comparison, in the US the demand for McDonald’s products over the recession did not increase as in Japan, the UK and France, but more importantly it did not decrease either – this during a time where demand in the overall US restaurant industry fell by around 6% (Economist, 2010). These figures paint a picture of the fast food industry being relatively recession proof; however, as a Moody’s report (2009) cautions, this may not always be the case. Consumers may choose to eat at home rather than going out in particularly severe recessions, substituting home-cooked meals for restaurant ones, value-for-money or otherwise. They may also focus their demand on low-cost, ‘budget’ menu items with particularly low profit margins. Indeed, during the recession Burger King saw its US profits fall by around 6% as customers increasingly turned to its dollar menu options which it had chosen to focus on as a marketing strategy during the recession, with demand for those items increasing by as much as 20%. A number of Burger King franchises actually sued the corporation after requiring them to promote and sell double-cheeseburgers at $1, when they cost $1.10 to make (Economist, 2010). Such poor marketing strategies undoubtedly led to Burger King’s fall in profits during the recession – in contrast, McDonald’s continued to focus on its more expensive standard menu options, and actually increased marketing spend by 7%, as many companies cut back (Ritchie, 2010). Sociological While McDonald’s and the fast food industry in the US has manage to dodge most proposed regulation aimed at reducing the unhealthiness of many of their products, they have been perhaps less successful in dodging the negative public opinion over the same issue. Fast food in general has seen its public image decline as society in general becomes more health conscious –the preceding decades have seen a rise in many societal health-based food initiatives, such as increased demand for unprocessed and organic foods, and a growing public awareness of obesity and heart disease and its links to high-fat foods. In 2004 Morgan Spurlock, an American social-commentary filmmaker in the same vein as Michael Moore, created the documentary Super-Size Me (2004), where he ate only McDonald’s for 30 days, for 3 meals a day (breakfast, lunch and dinner). He did not allow himself to have any other food during that time, and had to upgrade to a super-size meal whenever asked, which had double the amount of fries of a medium sized meal, and also came with a 42 ounce coke. After the 30 day period, he had gained 1 stone and 10.5 pounds of extra weight which represented a 13% body mass increase, had a cholesterol level of 230 (where levels below 200 are considered healthy) and had developed cirrhosis of the liver (Spurlock, 2004). There have also been many damaging reports made about the fast food industry in general and McDonald in particular, including a number of studies that have suggested fast food addiction shares many of the same characteristics as drug addiction (Garber and Lustig, 2011; Volkow and Wise, 2005). A paper by Johnson and Kenny (2010) found that high-fat food triggered many of the same dopamine receptors in rats as those triggered by cocaine or heroin, and can override standard eating responses and lead to bout of compulsive, addictive-like eating. In response to this, McDonald’s has phased out the super-size option for all of its US meals (the UK supersize meal option had been phased out in 2001 due to very low demand, and had not been introduced in any other countries) and began offering more healthy menu options, including fruit smoothies, salads, milk, water and fruit (Pompper and Higgins, 2007). They have also launched a number of innovative marketing campaigns aimed at highlighting the new range of healthy alternatives, a policy that is estimated to cost an additional $35million in marketing costs (Vizard, 2013). Such an approach appears to have been effective, with no sales decline reported in any month over the last 10 years (Vizard, 2013). Technological The advent of the internet has opened up many opportunities for low-cost, high-impact marketing across a range of firms and industries. Increasingly, firms are being judged more and more strongly on their online presence and perceived technological savvy – it can seriously harm a business’ image if they are seen as out-of-touch with the modern technological world (Chaffey, 2009). Marketing opportunities using the internet are many and varied and can range from intricate, involved, multi-layered viral campaigns, through website design and functionality to a simple social media presence. While the fast food industry was slow to catch on to the benefits of internet marketing in the beginning, most firms have now embraced its potential, and McDonald’s is at the forefront. As well as taking the (now somewhat standard) step of establishing a strong social media presence, with the creation of both a Facebook page and twitter account in 2009, McDonald have also run a number of successful online marketing campaigns, including an ‘Ask McDonald’s Youtube campaign in 2012, where over 20,000 questions from the public were answered, with most being based around the quality and supply chain of McDonald’s food and burgers. Many of the questions were answered through short Youtube videos, some of which have gathered over 10 million views, and most of which were received very positively (Macmillan, 2012). However, as with most other firms, the internet has proved to be a double-edged sword in terms of marketing success for McDonald’s. There have also been a number of negative articles posted on Facebook and Twitter about the company and its products, including an obvious hoax post that claimed a batch of McDonald’s hamburgers in Oklahoma had been found to have been contaminated with ‘human meat’ (Hooton, 2014, p1). Despite the obvious falseness of the claims (the posts were taken from a joke news site, satirising the Tesco horse meat scandal of 2013) many people online believed the stories, claiming to be sickened by them, and declaring they would boycott McDonald products from now on (Hooton, 2014). Such false information is easily spread online with little to no information regulation; firms can be at the mercy of false accusations and internet pranks. Also, in direct contrast to the successful Youtube campaign was a perhaps less successful Twitter campaign, where McDonald’s promoted the #Mcdstories hashtag for twitter users to post their stories and positive experiences with the firm. However, as there was no ability to either control or properly interact with the responses as with the Youtube campaign, the campaign collapsed almost immediately with a glut of negative anti-McDonald’s tweets, outweighing the positive responses by around 10 to 1 (Kolowich, 2014). Careful monitoring of the company’s online presence and quick response to such incidents will go some way to mitigating the potential damage. Environmental In recent years, environmental issues have come to the forefront of public consciousness with the rise of many green initiatives and movements. In response, many businesses now include some form of environmental damage mitigation to counteract the negative environmental aspects of their typical business production methods; typical methods include the replanting of trees to offset carbon emissions caused by the transportation of goods, a reduction in the amount of paper used in the administrative side of the business, energy-saving initiatives such as the turning off of lights, electrical appliances and computers when facilities are not in use, and a reduction in the amount of packaging used in the production process (Satya, 2002). Environmental concerns about a business’ operations are particularly pronounced in the food industry, as food production techniques are often associated with poor environmental controls, particularly in emerging third world economy producers, and budget meat suppliers (Foster et al, 2007). Indeed, a number of protests have been levelled at many fast food firms in general, and McDonald’s in particular – on 19th July 1985, Greenpeace in the UK declared an â€Å"anti-McD Day of Action† (Veggis, 2014, p1) which involved demonstrations, protest marches and pickets of many McDonald’s stores across the UK. The ‘Day of Action’ has been repeated every year on the same date, and protests against â€Å"the promotion of junk food, the unethical targeting of children, exploitation of workers, animal cruelty, damage to the environment and the global domination of corporations over our lives† (Veggis, 2014, p3). In 1997, two of the protestors were sued by McDonald’s for libel, after repeating some of these claims in many McDonald’s restaurant. The judge found in favour of McDonald’s for some of the allegations of libel, but found others had some truth to them and could not be considered libellous, including claims that they â€Å"falsely advertise their food as nutritious, risk the health of their long-term regular customers† and â€Å"are culpably responsible for cruelty to animals reared for their products† (Justice Bell, 1997, p13). In response to this, McDonald’s have initiated a number of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies centred on reducing the environmental impact of the business; they currently participate in ‘Earth Hour,’ an initiative that encourages many businesses to turn off their lights and unused equipment on a specific hour each year, to reduce their carbon footprint. They have also sought to reduce the environmental impact of their packaging, seeking out more biodegradable packaging in many markets; they have initiated paper-reduction policies in many of their administration centres, and they have also instigated investigations into the care and management of the animals reared for their product supply, with a view to ensuring no unnecessary cruelty or inhumane treatment is taking place (McDonald’s, 2014c) Legal The specific legal environment in which McDonald’s operates is highly dependent on the specific country and market in question; however, most of the markets that McDonald’s operates in have some form of a Health and Safety legal framework, particularly with regard to food preparation. Many, if not all of the countries McDonald’s operates in has some form of public health inspection system with regard to food producers in the UK, it is the Food Standards Agency, while in the US, it is the Food and Drug Administration (Campbell et al, 2008). In both markets, any employees with food-handling capabilities must take part in food-hygiene training at the company’s expense. McDonald’s has implemented a system that adds additional controls to those required by either health agency, and as their customer-facing website states, â€Å"there are at least 70 safety checks on beef and chicken every day. In fact, McDonald’s rigorous standards have been used by government agencies as models for their own regulations† (McDonald’s, 2014d, p1). In this way, their dedication to food safety over and above that required by law can be used as a marketing tool, to emphasise their commitment to quality (Campbell et al, 2008). There are also a number of employment laws to consider in each market, including those regulating the maximum length of an employee’s daily and weekly working hours, the requirements for employee breaks and facilities, tax and payroll requirements, business registration and accountancy standards for reporting profit and loss (Jones, 2013). McDonald’s tends to adhere to the same legal standards across markets for each of these areas, even in markets with less stringent regulations or legal requirements than those of the UK or US markets (McDonald’s, 2014a). Conclusion In conclusion, McDonald’s faces a number of challenges from its external environment, including the threat of further government health regulation in the US, social concerns about the unhealthiness of their products, adverse publicity from hoaxes or failed marketing campaigns on the internet, and additional protests regarding the environmental impact of the business. Through understanding these challenges, McDonald’s marketing and strategy managers can use the business’ strengths, such as its commitment to food quality and safety, its successful marketing campaigns, and the overall strengths of its brand, to turn these challenges into potential business opportunities. In order to do so, they can use the information provided by this PESTEL analysis as the groundwork for a comprehensive SWOT analysis, to enable the intelligent setting of future strategy for McDonalds. In this way, they can help to ensure McDonald’s remains a market leader in the fast food industry. References Baines, P, Fill, C and Page, K (2011), Marketing, 2nd Ed, Oxford: Oxford University Press Bems, R, Johnson, R and Yi, K (2010), ‘Demand Spillovers and the Collapse of Trade in the Global Recession’, IMF Economic Review, Volume 58, Issue 1, pp295-326 Campbell M, Gardner C, Dwyer J, Isaacs S, Krueger P, and Ying J (2008), Effectiveness of public health interventions in food safety: a systematic review, University of York: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination Chaffey, D (2009), Internet Marketing: Strategy, Implementation and Practice, Harlow: Pearson Education Choe, E and Min, D (2007), ‘Chemistry of Deep-Fat Frying Oils’, Journal of Food Science, Volume 72, Issue 5, ppR77-R86 Economist (2010), The changes facing fast food: Good and hungry [Online], Available; http://www.economist.com/node/16380043 [Accessed 9th October 2014] Food Standards Agency (2005), UK salt reduction initiatives, London: FSA Foster, C, Green, K, Bleda, M and Dewik, P (2007), Environmental impacts of food production and consumption: final report to the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, Brussels: UN Food and Agriculture Organisation Garber, A and Rustig, R (2011), ‘Is fast food addictive?’, Current Drug Abuse Review, Volume 4, Issue 3, pp146-162 Grunert, K and Wills, J (2007), ‘A review of European research on consumer response to nutrition information on food labels’, Journal of Public Health, Volume 15, Issue 5, pp385-399 Hooton, C (2014), Those human meat found in McDonalds factory stories and Facebook posts are a hoax, obviously [Online], Available; http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/those-human-meat-found-in-McDonalds-factory-stories-and-facebook-posts-are-a-hoax-obviously-9784592.html [Accessed 9th October 2014] Hurt, R, Kulisek, C, Buchanan, L and McClave, S (2010), ‘The Obesity Epidemic: Challenges, Health Initiatives, and Implications for Gastroenterologists’, Gastroenterol Hepatol , Volume 6, Issue 12, pp780-792 Johnson, P and Kenny, P (2010), ‘Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats’, Nature Neuroscience, Volume 13, Issue 1, pp635-641 Jones, L (2013), Introduction to Business Law, 2nd Ed, Oxford : Oxford University Press Justice Bell (1997), Justice Bell’s Verdict: 19th June 1997 [Online], Available; http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/trial/verdict/verdict0_sum.html [Accessed 10th October 2014] Key Note (2009), Fast-Food Home-Delivery Outlets Market Update 2009, London: Key Note Kliman, A (2012), The failure of capitalist production: Underlying causes of the great recession, 1st Ed, London: Pluto Press Kolowich, L (2014), The Rules of Twitter Hashtags: Hits and Misses From 7 Big Brands [Online], Available; http://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/twitter-hashtag-campaign-examples [Accessed 10th October 2014] Macmillan, G (2012), How McDonald’s created a social media success with questions campaign [Online], Available; http://wallblog.co.uk/2012/08/20/how-McDonalds-created-a-social-media-success-with-questions-campaign/ [Accessed 8th October 2014] McDonald’s (2014a), Corporate Info [Online], Available; http://www.McDonalds.com/us/en/our_story/Corporate_Info.html [Accessed 7th October 2014] McDonald’s (2014b), McDonalds International Franchising [Online], Available; http://www.McDonalds.co.uk/ukhome/Aboutus/Franchising.html [Accessed 7th October 2014] McDonald’s (2014c), Striving for a Sustainable Future [Online], Available; http://www.McDonalds.co.uk/ukhome/Ourworld/Environment.html [Accessed 10th October 2014] McDonald’s (2014d), Food Safety [Online], Available; http://www.McDonalds.ca/ca/en/food/making_informed_choices/food_safety.html [Accessed 10th October 2014] Moody’s Investors Services (2009), Fast-Food Advantage, New York: Alacra Store Moskowitz, D (2014), McDonalds Brand Strength Still Dominates Its Peers [Online], Available; http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/04/03/McDonalds-brand-strength-still-dominates-its-peers.aspx [Accessed 8th October 2014] Pompper, D and Higgins, L (2007), ‘Corporation-bashing in documentary film: A case study of news media coverage organizational response’, Public Relations Review, Volume 33, Issue 4, pp429-432 Ritchie, J (2010), How McDonald’s Thrived During the Recession [Online], Available;https://www.mint.com/blog/trends/McDonalds-recession-09212010/ [Accessed 9 th October 2014] Satya, L (2002), ‘Environmentalism: A Global History (review)’ Journal of World History, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp525-529 Schlosser, E (2012), Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, 1st Ed, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Skousen, M (2009), The Making of Modern Economics, 2nd Ed, New York: M E Sharpe Spurlock, M (2004), Super-Size Me, Documentary, New York: The Con Production Company Veggis (2014), Whats Still Wrong With McDonalds: Same date every year [Online], Available; http://www.veggies.org.uk/event.php?ref=50 [Accessed 10th October 2014] Vizard, S (2013), McDonalds vows to ramp up marketing of healthy options [Online], Available; http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/news/McDonalds-vows-to-ramp-up-marketing-of-healthy-options/4008065.article [Accessed 9th October 2014] Volkow, N and Wise, R (2005), ‘How can drug addiction help us understand obesity?’ Nature Neuroscience, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp555-560 Wilson, D and Roberts, J (2012), Special Report: How Washington went soft on childhood obesity [Online], Available; http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/27/us-usa-foodlobby-idUSBRE83Q0ED20120427 [Accessed 8th October 2014]

Eco-Translatoloty: English Translation of Chinese Classics

Eco-Translatoloty: English Translation of Chinese Classics Study on the Development of English Translation of Chinese Classics from the perspective of Eco-translatology Keywords: Ecological Translation Studies, the Chinese classics, translation, traditional culture, development trend. Abstract. Eco translation studies is the use of ecological rationality, from the perspective of ecological integrity of research conducted overview of translation. Ecological Studies on translation and cultural tradition of literary translation and translation studies doctrine itself poses a challenge. It digestion for the translation of the selection process anthropocentric mindset, and construction of a new paradigm, according to this paradigm or principle, the translation of the selection is not based on their own subjective likes and dislikes translator , but rather it should be based on self-selected text translatability. This should ensure that translation studies as a scientific discipline basic premise. As a sub-discipline of translation studies, translation studies has its own ecological characteristics: both to the translation of the excavations carried out in order to peruse its translatability in the process of translation should be possible to preserve the original text in the target language of ecology balance. Introduction From the 1990s, translation studies teaching model has been more and more attention of scholars parties. But the current translation teaching mode mostly from translation theory and educational theory in two directions, from the overall concept and the system cannot analyze the concept of the existing problems. In todays era of globalization, with increasingly frequent cultural exchanges among peoples, the role of translation has become more and more indispensable. Thus the study of translation will no doubt be referred to the academic research agenda. Translation Studies, Translation Studies or, after having gone through cultural shift will be where development has become a common problem of domestic and international translation researchers think. In the past few years, through the joint efforts of scholars, or Translation Studies Translation Studies has made great progress, which finally established his position in the territory of discipline, but is moving in a relatively independent and mature Humanities and Social Sciences branch of the direction of development. Ecological translation studies should be regarded as a branch of translation studies. Translation Studies ecological ecology theory and criticism along with methods other scholars in literature is being translated rise, it is strongly traditional literary and cultural translation and translation studies doctrine itself poses a challenge. But in the contemporary translation studies, there is still a considerable number of scholars of this branch of the significance and vitality skeptical. Given the ecological Translation Studies research in fact already exists in the practice of translation studies, and therefore the relationship between ecological research or ecological criticism of this paper is to explore ecological translation studies and literature. Ecological translation studies started in 2001 is in full swing in 2009. This is a gradual process. If our system of discourse constructed as an output result of this process, then the result is bound to have its occurrence, the basis for development, the premise and conditions, etc. Consequently, many students believe that translation can only teach courses probably do not even trust the ability of teachers in translation. The new school was to explore ecological Translation Translation Teaching Model provides a new perspective. State translation theory as the basic principles and ideas of the guidance based on Darwinian adaptation / selection and proposed Translation as Adaptation and Selection, not only to emphasize the ecological integrity of the entire system of translation, also re-interpretation of the nature of translation, process and methods a series of translation phenomena. Ecological Translation Studies believes that the use of traditional translation teaching translation skills to translate the lack of practice relevance, the translator should pay attention to the text which the translation environment, in order to adapt to the ecological environment to make a dynamic selection of different degrees, such as cultural texts, authors, readers and other mutual interaction between ecological subsystems, therefore, teachers improve students language skills at the same time, but also to strengthen the cultural, religious, social and historical background of knowledge and understanding to do the translation between the various sub-ecosystems integrity and relevance, so as to make the translation theory and techniques to explain and use have a reasonable explanation.       Figure.1 Eco-translatology The Proposed Methodology Ecological Paradigm.Paradigm is a big concept. It is related to the specific field of study in a large direction and big principle is a way to study the overall concept or research mode, embodies value judgments and research methods. Ecological Studies repeatedly to locate its translation paradigm. Translation Studies in the field of ecology, said from the perspective of ecology explore Translation Theory ecological paradigm is gradually taking shape, and has been more and more recognition. The main sign is that many scholars in the study of basic concepts related issues, value judgments, research methods, and conclusions as well as the terms used are all pointing to essentially incorporate ecological Approach to Translation Theory. These aggregates ecological Translation Studies Community in recognition of Ecological translation researchers learn basic description translation, Translation Studies accepted guidelines for eco-translation studies, translation studies follow the research methods of ecological overall relevance, and their performing specific the study also used a common problem of the ecological value of the standard translation studies. These studies have not isolated, single case studies, and can be seen as joint research agreement under ecological Translation Theory Paradigm. Incidence order chain.Highlights associated chain sequence is: Given Translation is language, and language is part of culture; culture is the accumulation of human activity, and humanity is part of nature. Associated sequence chain reflects the expansion of horizons of human cognition and rational base path of progress, it is consistent with the basic laws of human cognitive evolution, both interactive and progressive nature of the feature, it can be said outlines progressive visual field of human cognition logical sequence and points to the inherent mechanism derived exhibition. The focus of translation studies from the translation itself to language, culture, human ecology, it has also been constantly repeated, interactive, just reflect this trend and its characteristics. We can see the interconnections between nature and biological translation, as well as the basic characteristics of the natural ecosystem and human social interaction common system. Ecological rationality.The so-called holistic / association, is to follow a rational ecology, the study of translation ecosystem, not just limited to the isolation of a sub-ecosystems (such as translation body ecosystems), or some stakeholders (such as translation activities funders) from an ecological rational perspective, the relevance and the need to take care of the integrity between different ecosystems. The so-called dynamic stress / balance, is to follow a rational ecology, the study of translation ecosystem, through the translation between the main object of attention, interaction translation subject and its external ecological environment influence each other, forming a translation of ecological interdependence homeostasis system. The so-called reflect the aesthetics, ecological rationality is to follow, the study of translation ecosystem, in the process of translation studies, both macro-level or micro level, has been the pursuit of aesthetic principles. Ecological rationality above has important guiding significance to build eco-system of translation studies discourse. I also believe there will be more and more rational use of theoretical ecology and applied translation studies translation studies. Translator center.One of the fundamental problems of translation theory is how to describe and explain the translator in the role. The importance of the translator in the translation process, but also makes the study of this issue has become an eternal topic translation industry. Ecological Translation Studies is the relationship between the translator and the translation environment. On the translator, he/she is an independent body, throughout the translation must be completed by the translator and the leading role of the consciousness. Translator in the different languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and different cultures interacting forces interaction point, both the main body of the translation process, and is the cornerstone in Translation can be performed. Ecological Translation Studies believes that the translator is the sum of all translation process Contradictions. Translator centric concept to translate living, emotional, creative translator to the translation theory of reception, so that translation theory based on real, concrete basis translator, Translator centric concept proposed translation help make the Translator Studies research radius has been extended, and the theoretical level it has improved; the same time, the translator of self-respect, self-discipline and their own quality the increase also promoted. This orientation to the translator and the translator for the ultimate care of translation theory, its advantages become increasingly evident, so that aspect of the case studies translators centers, leading translator, translator subjects, etc. continued. Classics generation.Classics is the result of academic development, ideology and culture is a historical process evolving. In the long course of development, which includes at least three interdependent aspects: First, the spirit of thought; the second is to preserve the spirit of symbolic thought, that language; third shell material according to the language, such as paper and the like. Thing to do is to translate the spirit of ideological conversion from one language to another language, the language of its external form, internal texture is spiritual, ideological, cultural, and therefore not only to study the language translation conversion, but also the study of language TCEs after conversion. China is a country attaches great importance to the traditional history, resulting in a lot of history books, with excellent historical tradition. Dynasties will learn from the experience of the rise and fall of dynasties, learn, learn from history, past serve the present. History in China is a big subject, research has deep historical roots. Chinese culture of Confucianism and Taoism on Chinese peoples social life norms and spirit of the character played a significant role, its influence has never been interrupted, undoubtedly belongs to Chinese cultural classics in the central part, which belongs to China thinking class books. Chinese literature is a big country, rich literature, which basically reflects the spirit of Confucianism and Taoism, Buddhism or even thought can be said that Chinese literature is a concrete manifestation of Chinese thought and culture, so Chinese literature or Literature Classics is also an important part of Chinese culture classics. Translation in Chinese cultural classics of the 19th century, these two books translated into most English speakers, this study focused on Chinese thought and literature class books classics into English. Although it is a part of Chinese culture classics of science and technology, pharmaceutical, and other books geography class. Classics in Translation. Translation history to be able to provide a reference for contemporary translations, is learning from history, past serve the present, get past today play a role in the translation, so translators more than a reference current. In the such a purpose, this study will be noted in the description of translation of the language level, which is the translation of the operational level, focusing on comparison between the original and the translation, focusing on translation of key terms, as well as the important passages back into Chinese to find a place between two languages and two cultures What changes, sum up experience and lessons learned for the moment Translator service; in the analysis will include more perspectives on translation and translators, readers and society, level exchanges between different cultures, and use them as research. Starting from the microscopic and macroscopic gradual transition to the two links to a comprehensive study together, and s trive to the value of the 19th Century Chinese classics into English excavated. Ecological translation.Translation mention ecological science, people may soon expect is currently in the field of literary criticism very active eco-criticism. Ecological Criticism is from the perspective of the ecological environment for critical interpretation and explanation of literary phenomena, which after nearly two decades of practice has been a gradual transition from a problem-oriented movement of a methodological guide to literary criticism methods. Institute of ecology, ecological literary criticism or pointing to the ecological environment is the theme of writing. Of course, there are various forms of writing, originality is divided into writing and variability writing or rewriting. We should acknowledge that across the boundaries of language translation is to use another language the original text rewritten or some form of rewriting, which it contains both creative ingredients, but with a reproducible composition. Translation unlike creative writing, its anthropocentric consciousness will have a distinct deconstruction, then we engaged in translation studies should also take into account the translation has the opposite characteristics of deconstruction. It can be said, deconstructive ecological translation studies is that it ruthlessly digestion on the proposed translation of the selection process anthropocentric mindset, because for anthropocentric purposes, regardless of the text to be translated if the inherent translatability, as long as the translator would be happy to contribute to its reproduction in another language. In anthropocentric mindset, political and cultural enlightenment translation function is often inappropriate to play to a point where, as a consequence, its own laws also been destroyed. Ecological principles of translation studies will be reflected in the restrictions on the role of the translator: the translator must respect the original internal ecological structure, by carefully reading and deep understanding of the original discovery of this inner translatable to achieve with the author and translator equal exchange and dialogue between the text. Conclusion In todays cultural background, we emphasize that the translation should spread Chinese culture and literature in the world and make due contributions. Translation teaching mode ecological translation studies from the perspective into the teaching objectives, curriculum resources, translate the main object, and translate market demand and other factors, with more fresh content and a broader perspective. An empirical study of the Teaching of the above shows that the pattern of the information technology (interactive, virtual simulation capabilities and modern social networking tools) and translation teaching normalized integration can help students improve their translation ability, through the translation of language learning, but also through language learning the information they need. But, in this mode, how to improve the workshop cohesion and motivation, how to strengthen the supervision and guidance on how to improve students self-monitoring and self-control, how to render more e ffective ecological interactions it is possible further explore research questions. References 1. Tymoczko, Maria. Translation in a postcolonial context: Early Irish literature in English translation. Routledge, 2016. 2. Jia, Sun. A study of the conceptual metaphors in the representation of women in the Chinese novel the song of EV erlasting sorrow and the English translation. (2015). 3. Maier, Giulio, et al. The Complete Works of Gabrio Piola: Volume I Commented English Translation-English and Italian Edition. (2014). 4. Cox, Laurence, and Alf Gunvald Nilsen. Das Ende neoliberaler Hegemonie durch soziale Bewegungen?(English translation: Reading Neoliberalism as a Social Movement from Above). Theorie und Praxis 2016 (2016): 98-105. 5. Shinde, Smita Rambhau. A Socio-cultural Study of the Marathi Play in English Translation: with Reference to Satish Alekars Mahanirvan. International Journal of Multifaceted and Multilingual Studies 3.1 (2016).

Andrew Jackson :: Presidents essays research papers

Like any hall of fame, its inductees are the best in whatever they do, from baseball or football to something like being President. If you are a member of any hall of fame (including the one for the Presidents), it means that you have done something special or have a certain quality about yourself that makes you worthy to be in a hall of fame. My nominee for the Presidents hall of Fame is our seventh President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. I'll go over his presidency, focusing on both the highs and the lows of his two terms in office, from 1829-1837. The issues that I'll focus on are states' rights, nullification, the tariff, the spoils system, Indian removal and banking policies; these controversies brought forth strong rivalry over his years of president. He was known for his iron will and fiery personality, and strong use of the powers of his office that made his years of presidency to be known as the "Age of Jackson." Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in a settlement on the border of North and South Carolina. He was orphaned at age 14. After studying law and becoming a member of the Bar in North Carolina later he moved to Nashville Tennessee. Their he became a member of a powerful political faction led by William Blount. He was married in 1791 to Rachel Donelson Robards, and later remarried to him due to a legal mistake in her prior divorce in 1794. Jackson served as delegate to Tenn. in the 1796 Constitutional convention and a congressman for a year (from 1796-97). He was elected senator in 1797, but financial problems forced him to resign and return to Tennessee in less than a year. Later he served as a Tennessee superior court judge for six years starting in 1798. In 1804 he retired from the bench and moved to Nashville and devoted time to business ventures and his plantation. At this time his political career looked over. In 1814 Jackson was a Major General in the Tennessee Militia, here he was ordered to march against the Creek Indians (who were pro-British in the war of 1812). His goal was achieved at Horseshoe Bend in March of 1814. Eventually he forced All Indians from the area. His victory's impressed some people in Washington and Jackson was put in command of the defense of New Orleans. This show of American strength made Americans feel proud after a war filled with military defeats. Jackson was given the nickname "Old Hickory", and was treated as a national hero. In 1817 he was ordered against the Seminole Indians.

Shaking Baby Syndrome Essay -- essays research papers

Shaken Baby Syndrome Imagine yourself as a sweet, innocent, precious little baby. You are totally dependant upon adults to give you what you need and most importantly love. Your only means of communication is crying so you cry when you need to be fed, when you need your diaper changed, when you aren’t feeling so well, or when you just want some attention. You are crying and someone comes over to you. They pick you up, but instead of holding you and comforting you, talking affectionately to you, they shake you violently and vigorously. You are a baby, imagine the fear and pain that the shaking causes you. This is a form of child abuse and what is even harder to believe is that it actually happens. The correct term is Shaken Baby Syndrome and it is a form of abuse that is happening far and wide.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What exactly is Shaking Baby Syndrome? Shaken Baby Syndrome is a serious brain injury that occurs when adults, frustrated and angry with children, shake then violently, and Shaken Baby Syndrome mostly occurs when a child receives numerous rapid shakes. It can also occur when a baby is slammed against a hard object; head impact is not necessary but does frequently occur. Shaken Baby Syndrome occurs frequently in infants younger than six months old, yet can occur up to the age of 5. (Showers, 1997.) In reality, shaking a baby if only for a few seconds can injure the baby for life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often frustrated parents or other persons responsible for a child’s care feel that shaking a baby is a harmless way to make a child stop crying. The number one reason why a baby is shaken is because of inconsolable crying. (National Exchange Club Foundation, 1998) An infant may spend two to three hours a day crying. (The Epilepsy Association of Central Florida) A caregiver momentarily gives in to the frustration of responding to a crying baby by shaking. Caregivers may be inadequately prepared for children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why is shaking a baby so dangerous? A baby’s head and neck are especially vulnerable to injury because the head is so large and the neck muscles are still weak. A baby’s neck is to weak to support their heavy head so when the baby is shaken the heads swings back and forth. In addition, the baby’s brain and blood vessels are very fragile and easily damaged by whiplash mo... ...n a coma, being in a vegetative state, and the worst, death. One in every four babies shaken dies. The rest have to deal with the injuries and symptoms that will affect the rest of their innocent lives. Twenty five to thirty percent of babies shaken die (National Shaken Baby Syndrome). Immediate medical attention can help reduce the impact of shaking, but many children are left with permanent damage from the shaking. The treatment of survivors falls into 3 major categories. Those categories are medical, behavioral, and educational. In addition to medical care, children may need speech and language therapy, vision therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and special education services. (Showers, 1997) Many incidents of Shaken Baby Syndrome are not reported out of fear. It is important to seek immediate and early medical attention. Serious complications and even death can be avoided. Exactly how much force is needed to cause injuries? No firm answer exists as to the exact number of shakes necessary or how long a person might typically shake a child. In most cases the period of shaking is 5-10 seconds. (National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome) To cause brain damage, severe

Waking Ned Devine

A utilitarian would say to do it because having that money would bring them more leisure, but a ethnologist would say that they must not commit fraud in order to get the money because that would be lying and according to the categorical imperative we should never lie. The second categorical imperative comes into play as well because it would be using a human as a means to an end rather than an end in itself (although with Ned being dead, one could have an argument that that doesn't come into play).Jackie makes the decision to lie because he has a dream and he believes that Ned has come to him and wants him to have the money. Cackle and Annie, as well as Jackie and Michaels friendship both fall under Aristotle category of friendship based on goodness. In both friendships, each person wants what Is best for the other person, and all things are shared with each other. Both Jackie and Nannies marriage and Jackie and Michaels friendship include benefiting from the other and pleasure from the other's company, but they have that important thing where each wants to help the other reach their tells.This is shown in the case of Jackie and Annie when Annie finds out Jackie and Michaels plan to get he money. She is upset because she doesn't want Jackie or Michael to go to Jail for fraud. She doesn't think that will be what is best for either of them. The amount of winnings matters to Annie because when she finds out how much money it actually is she realizes how much It can help themselves, and the whole town.I think that the moral significance of the act does change when Cackle Includes the whole town, because rather than being selfish and keeping It all, he Is helping the whole town and I do believe that is what Ned would have wanted. He Is attached to he town and would have been more than happy with what Jackie and Michael ended up doing with it. Although, if a ethnologist were to look at the situation, there's no way they would change their position, because lying is l ying, and that is wrong.This fits perfectly into the situation where Kant says you should tell the truth even when you want to lie, and only then are you truly free. The mean old women is a character that always seems to be looking for ways to get what she wants at the expense of others. She tries to get two loaves of bread for Alfa price, she tries to get her toaster back without paying for it, and finally she threatens Jackie, Michael, and Annie by saying that she will call the office of the lottery If she doesn't get more money.I think that the priest Is right to be worried of what will happen to the town with all that money because these people have lived simple lives for so long, that who knows what will happen when they come into money like this. It ends up looking like noticed that was an immediate change after they were sure of getting the money is when Fin promises Maggie to quit pig farming even though he claims to like it. If everyone stops their farming, what is going to happen to the village?Ultimately, yes, I think that Maggie does make the right decision when she chooses not to collect all the money for her son. When living in a tight knit community like that, everyone seems like family anyways. And like Jackie tells her, having a father is worth more than any amount of money, and if she were to claim the money for her son, Fin would have to continue pig farming and her son would still not have a father. As far a Aristotelian ethics goes, I think she climbed a bit on the hermeneutic circle and became a better person.

Analysis of music in the film Grease

I think the effectiveness of a musical film In comparison to a film score in a non- musical largely depends on the target audience of the film, genre of film, and plot of the film. In musical films Like Grease, Chicago, Less Miserable, West Side Story, and Mama Ml, the musical and choreographed aspects of film work with the plot In an effective manner. I feel Like [romantic] comedies (egg. Mama Ml and Grease) and dramas (egg. Less Miserable and Chicago) are the two genres that are best made in to musical films.Musicals are able to break down language barriers, telling the plot of he film through song which evokes plenty of emotion that is universally understood. West Side Story is a perfect example of a musical where choreography and music helps the audience to understand the story even though they might not understand every word of the lyrics. Musicals are able to effectively tell a story if the plot is more simplistic. Contrary to [romantic] comedies and dramas, turning an action o r science fiction film into a musical would be simply ridiculous.If we were to imagine an action film like The Dark Knight or Star Wars as a musical, I don't think these films would eve been nearly as successful as they have been today. One reason for this Is the target audience for films Like Star Wars and The Dark Knight have the potential to be vastly different from the type of people who enjoy watching musicals like Dream Girls and Rent. The plot for The Dark Knight and Star Wars largely benefit from the music being comprised of a film score that is not classified as a musical.It would also be difficult to convert these genres into a musical because the plots are often too complex to understand if everything is sung. The scores in non-musicals serves to implement the plot, not to tell the plot which can often be taken more seriously by the viewers. â€Å"Summer Nights† (0:14:04) Is the first song In the film, Grease, that gives us an introductory look Into what the charac ters are going to be like. Sandy Is seen as very Innocent and sweet from the way she recounts her and Dandy's summer romance from an emotional perspective- â€Å"he got friendly holding my hand†.Dandy's telling of his summer romance is a little more crude and revealing about the physical aspects of the romance -â€Å"she got friendly down in the sand†. The song establishes Danny as he cool leader of the greaser clan known as the â€Å"T-birds† and Sandy as the new girl who the schoolgirl clique, â€Å"The Pink Ladies†, have their eye on to recruit. This song also introduces the other eight main characters (the rest of the T-birds and The Pink Ladies), allowing each of them to ask questions that reveal their characters.The next song that helped to further develop some of the characters is â€Å"Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee† (0:27:30) which is a comedic song performed by Orzo and The Pink Ladies. A taunting, underlying tone In the music is heard right away. Razz's tough and arctic tone Is established through her lyrics In this song as she is mocking the Innocence of Sandy. When the characters are mocking Sandy inability to Inhale properly while smoking, we hear a clapper Instrument to compliment them coughing.The rest of The Pink Ladies: French, Marty, and Jan, seem to follow their leader, immature and highly compliant to what Orzo wants them to do or think. â€Å"Hopelessly Devoted To You† (0:32:00) is a ballad performed by Sandy which has a slower tempo than the other songs we have previously heard in the film. The song starts off by sing heavy strings to create an emotional feel then later we hear the piano. This is a character song which enables Sandy to express her romantic feelings for Danny, and reflect on their relationship.The chorus, â€Å"hopelessly devoted to you† is how Sandy feels towards Danny and these feelings are emphasized by the repetition through the song. â€Å"Greased Lightning† (0:37:2 0) is performed by Danny and the T-birds and serves to establish the major cultural influences of the sass's: cars and rock and roll. We hear 3 stingers using ascending notes played on brass at the beginning of the Eng to compliment Dandy's ideas of what the car could be (automatic, systematic, hydromantic).There is also a lot of call and response between the protagonist, Danny, singing the main course and the T-birds backing him up by providing musical responses to his lines. This song uses heavy percussion, piano, bass, and brass instruments to create a genuine rock and roll feel. The tempo stays consistent throughout the song except when it slows down at the ending chorus. The ending chorus is also where we hear drums and vocals being harmonize. â€Å"Sandy† (01:19:10) reformed by Danny is Dandy's counter song to â€Å"Sandy's Hopelessly Devoted To You†.This is also a ballad as it expresses the deep emotions Danny has for Sandy and shows how vulnerable he is without her. We see a different side of Danny here because he is not acting tough or cool; he is being raw and real. This song uses empathetic sound as we can hear Danny on the verge of crying at some points in the song which causes the viewer to empathetic with the sadness he feels. â€Å"Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee (Reprise)† (01 :31 :38) is a turning point for Sandy's character.The song tarts out as wholesome and pure, like she is, accompanied by the piano in a high key with a light tone (we hear consonance). Then the lyrics get more powerful along with the intensity of the music (crescendo and lower key on the piano) as she decides to say goodbye to her innocence. â€Å"You're the One That I Want† (01:36:47) performed by Danny, Sandy, Pink Ladies, and T-Birds shows how the characters have succumbed to their feelings. Danny has become the man that Sandy wanted him to be all along and vice versa.We hear a riff on the piano to introduce the new, sophisticated Sandy. The causa l harmony between Danny and Sandy is symbolic of the new found harmony in their relationship and the all black costumes they are wearing is symbolic of both their maturity. This is an example of a rhythm song because it is driven by energetic rhythm patterns. Personally, this is my favorite song of the film because I feel it has the catchiest underlying beat and I felt that the choreography and props were used really effectively to capture the viewers attention. We Go Together† is a production number which involves the full cast and expresses the major changes in the plot room the opening to closing act. This cheerful tune is expressive of the happiness found by the entire cast and all the main characters are happily coupled off. Grease does include a lot of dancing which I found to be quite effective. It is more visually appealing and helps with the flow of telling the story through song. If at some points in the film the characters were Just standing there rather than moving around and dancing, the audience is more likely to be disengaged. Dancing also provides the catchier.Dance is also an important part of detecting a characters emotion through odd language; in the song Mimi Are The One That I Want†, Sandy is seen to have a new gained confidence and attitude which reflective not only in her lyrics, but in her dancing as well. I find it effective that performers in musical films treat their song and dance numbers as if there is a live audience watching. It helps to engage the audience more because they feel as though they are more closely connected to the performers. It also helps the performers find the emotional energy to perform different songs and dance if they have an audience's energy to thrive off of.